chronic disease 3

Question 1

Obesity

Answer 1

bnormal and excess accumulation of adipose tissue that may

impair health

Question 2

BMI

Answer 2

is a commonly used index to classify overweight and obesity in adults

Question 3

BMI is calculated by

Answer 3

Calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m2)

Question 4

The waist-to-hip ratio should be less than

Answer 4

0.9 for men and 0.8 for women

Question 5

Waist in Men

Answer 5

> 102cm obese (>93 ↑risk)

Question 6

Waist in Women

Answer 6

> 88cm obese (80cm ↑ risk)

Question 7

BMI Categories

Answer 7

Normal healthy weight (18.5 to less than 25)
• Overweight (25 to less than 30)
• Obese (30 or more)
• BMI > 35 is severe obesity
• BMI > 40 is morbid obesity
• BMI > 50 is extreme morbid obesity

Question 8

How body weight is

assessed?

Answer 8

influenced by age, gender
and ethnicity. BMI does not
distinguish fat mass from
lean mass, nor does it
necessarily reflect body-fat
distribution

Question 9

A person’s waist circumference may be

Answer 9

a better predictor of health risk than BMI.
Having fat around the abdominal organs and
enlarged waist circumference, regardless of
your BMI, means you are more likely to
develop certain obesity-related health
conditions.

Question 10

• Waist circumference for women:

Answer 10

a waist circumference of 80cm or over indicates
increased risk of obesity-related health
conditions. A waist circumference of 88cm
or more indicates a substantially increased
risk.

Question 11

Waist circumference for men:

Answer 11

a waist circumference of 94cm or over indicates
increased risk of obesity-related health
conditions. A waist circumference of 102cm
or more indicates a substantially increased
risk

Question 12

Incidence australia

Answer 12

Nearly two-thirds (63%) of
Australians aged 18 or over are now
overweight or obese
▪ 35% overweight and
▪ 28% obese
▪ 25.6%/29.5% of Australian
children/young people are
overweight or obese

Question 13

Obesity is now recognised

Answer 13

a disease state with multiple pathophysiological
consequences
• Obesity occurs over time when more kilocalories are ingested (in
food we eat) than are used to support the body’s energy needs

Question 14

Obesity develops progressively and as a result

Answer 14

of energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure.
• The disorder involves mechanisms of appetite regulation and energy
homeostasis

Question 15

Hormonal control

Answer 15

The CNS regulates appetite and energy use and these involve complex
hormone control.

Question 16

Metabolic control

Answer 16

Energy expenditure is related to basal metabolic rate (BMR), dietary
thermogenesis and physical activity
• BMR accounts for 60-70 % of total energy expenditure
• Thermogenesis accounts for up to 10%

Question 17

Energy intake

Answer 17

: varies greatly between individuals, during growth

period, pregnancy, breast feeding

Question 18

Energy expenditure

Answer 18

basal metabolism (the energy used to maintain vital body processes)
• thermic processes (the energy taken to digest and absorb food)
• physical activity (the energy used to move around)

Question 19

The societal influence that contributes to obesity

Answer 19

Increase in energy
consumption
• Changes in physical activity
• Increased high kilojoule
foods
• Increased serving size
• Families not eating together
or eating in front of the TV
• Clean plate syndrome
• More machines to do
physical work

Question 20

Associated
diseases of
obesity

Answer 20

Raised BMI is a major risk factor for
noncommunicable diseases such as:
▪ cardiovascular diseases 
▪ diabetes;
▪ musculoskeletal disorders 
▪ some cancers

Question 21

Associated diseases of obesity: Children

Answer 21

Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity,
premature death and disability in adulthood. But in addition to
increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties,
increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of
cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and psychological effects.

Question 22

Preventing and managing obesity

Answer 22

• Identification and diagnosis of overweight and obesity
• Development of respectful therapeutic relationships that enable effective communication about the problem and its
wider risk factors
• Assistance in setting achievable weight and health improvement goals that focus on long term behavioural change
and health improvements
• Support and regular monitoring of progress towards goals
• Acting as a resource to correct misinformation and dietary fads
• Giving basic EB advice to support weight loss
• Facilitating referrals to dieticians and other health professionals

Question 23

Management strategies

Answer 23

• Lifestyle modification
• Dietary modification
• Very low calorie diets
• Bariatric surgery and medication