chronic disease 2

Question 1

The proportions of people reporting living with more than one chronic
condition also increase

Answer 1

with age

Question 2

• Social factors i is the most disadvantaged within the community

Answer 2

who are more likely

to experience more negative factors for longer periods

Question 3

Key ‘Social determinants’ of health

Answer 3

Socio-economic position
• Early life
• Social exclusion
• Social capital
• Employment and work
• Housing
• Residential environment

Question 4

Risk factors contribute to chronic disease in Australia

Answer 4

• Smoking
• Risky/high alcohol consumption
• Physical inactivity
• Insufficient amounts of fruit
• Insufficient amounts of vegetables
• Fat intake
• Large waist circumference
• High waist-hip ratio
• High blood pressure

Question 5

Risk factors in Australia

Answer 5

revalence of risk factors is high
• More risk factors can mean more chronic disease
• Common combinations of risk factors
• Social gradient with risk factor behaviours

Question 6

Modifiable risk factor

Answer 6

those risk factors that can potentially be prevented by a

change in behaviour and/or medical intervention.

Question 7

Non-modifiable risk factor

Answer 7

those risk factors that you cannot change or have no

control over.

Question 8

Modifiable Risk Factors include

Answer 8

Behavioural

Biomedical

Question 9

Behavioural

Answer 9

Tobacco Smoking
Excess alcohol use
Physical inactivity
Poor diet
Other

Question 10

Biomedical

Answer 10

Excess weight
↑ blood pressure
↑ blood cholesterol
Other

Question 11

Broad Influences

Answer 11

May or may not be
modifiable
Non-modifiable

Question 12

May or may not be

modifiable

Answer 12

Socio-environmental
factors
Psychosocial factors
Early life factors
Political factors

Question 13

Non-modifiable

Answer 13

Age
Gender
Indigenous status
Ethnic background
Family history
Genetic make-up

Question 14

Rurality

Answer 14

People who reside in smaller communities away from metropolitan areas
may have limited access to education, support or resources to meet their
needs

Question 15

3 classifications in Australia

Answer 15

rural, remote and metropolitan areas

Question 16

There is a link between rurality and

Answer 16

poorer health outcomes of
populations. The more remotely people live, the higher the mortality and
incidence of chronic disease

Question 17

Several reasons have been suggested for this disparity indigenous

Answer 17

1. Learned socioeconomic disadvantage
2. Lack of culturally responsive health resources
3. Western models of health care dominating the health environment
4. Non-willingness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients to access mainstream
   health settings due to direct and indirect racism by healthcare providers
5. High costs related to transport and travel

Question 18

Vulnerable populations

Answer 18

those more likely to be susceptible to the development of poor health, have
limited access to health care services or depend on others for care
• Vulnerable populations are those who ‘are unable to anticipate, cope with, resist
and recover from the impacts of disasters’

Question 19

Protective risk factors

Answer 19

Protective factors are health determinants that affect health in a positive
way

Question 20

Protective risk factors examples

Answer 20

way.
• Some protective factors include activity, diet, resilience, and an individuals
spiritual, behavioural, cognitive, emotional and physical state. Valuing
close friendships and broader social networks are also protective.
• For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders it is the connection to the land
that is important and has a positive influence on how adversity is dealt
with.

Question 21

Health effects of smoking

Answer 21

Smoking is strongly related to many
chronic diseases including coronary
heart
disease, stroke, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma,
rheumatoid arthritis and
osteoporosis, and is responsible for
20% of all cancer
deaths in Australia.

Question 22

Tobacco – Key facts

Answer 22

Kills up to half its users
• Kills more than 8 million people each year. 7 million are as a direct
result of tobacco use, 1.2 million due to second hand smoke

Question 23

Beliefs that can be barriers to optimal smoking

cessation advice

Answer 23

• Asking about smoking and offering
advice and assistance are key roles for
health professionals. Barriers raised by
health professionals to engaging in
greater efforts to provide smoking
cessation advice include:
• a perception that it is ineffective
• lack of time
• lack of smoking cessation skills
• reluctance to raise the issue due to
perceived patient sensitivity about
smoking
• perceived lack of patient motivation.

Question 24

Supporting smoking cessation

Answer 24

Pharmacotherapy - NRT

 Behavioural and advise based support for smoking cessation

Question 25

Behavioural and advise based support for smoking cessation

Answer 25

Brief motivational advise
 Group or individual counselling
 Telephone counselling and quitlines
 Self help materials