chronic disease 2 Flashcards
The proportions of people reporting living with more than one chronic
condition also increase
with age
• Social factors i is the most disadvantaged within the community
who are more likely
to experience more negative factors for longer periods
Key ‘Social determinants’ of health
Socio-economic position • Early life • Social exclusion • Social capital • Employment and work • Housing • Residential environment
Risk factors contribute to chronic disease in Australia
- Smoking
- Risky/high alcohol consumption
- Physical inactivity
- Insufficient amounts of fruit
- Insufficient amounts of vegetables
- Fat intake
- Large waist circumference
- High waist-hip ratio
- High blood pressure
Risk factors in Australia
revalence of risk factors is high
• More risk factors can mean more chronic disease
• Common combinations of risk factors
• Social gradient with risk factor behaviours
Modifiable risk factor
those risk factors that can potentially be prevented by a
change in behaviour and/or medical intervention.
Non-modifiable risk factor
those risk factors that you cannot change or have no
control over.
Modifiable Risk Factors include
Behavioural
Biomedical
Behavioural
Tobacco Smoking Excess alcohol use Physical inactivity Poor diet Other
Biomedical
Excess weight
↑ blood pressure
↑ blood cholesterol
Other
Broad Influences
May or may not be
modifiable
Non-modifiable
May or may not be
modifiable
Socio-environmental factors Psychosocial factors Early life factors Political factors
Non-modifiable
Age Gender Indigenous status Ethnic background Family history Genetic make-up
Rurality
People who reside in smaller communities away from metropolitan areas
may have limited access to education, support or resources to meet their
needs
3 classifications in Australia
rural, remote and metropolitan areas
There is a link between rurality and
poorer health outcomes of
populations. The more remotely people live, the higher the mortality and
incidence of chronic disease
Several reasons have been suggested for this disparity indigenous
- Learned socioeconomic disadvantage
- Lack of culturally responsive health resources
- Western models of health care dominating the health environment
- Non-willingness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients to access mainstream
health settings due to direct and indirect racism by healthcare providers - High costs related to transport and travel
Vulnerable populations
those more likely to be susceptible to the development of poor health, have
limited access to health care services or depend on others for care
• Vulnerable populations are those who ‘are unable to anticipate, cope with, resist
and recover from the impacts of disasters’
Protective risk factors
Protective factors are health determinants that affect health in a positive
way
Protective risk factors examples
way.
• Some protective factors include activity, diet, resilience, and an individuals
spiritual, behavioural, cognitive, emotional and physical state. Valuing
close friendships and broader social networks are also protective.
• For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders it is the connection to the land
that is important and has a positive influence on how adversity is dealt
with.
Health effects of smoking
Smoking is strongly related to many chronic diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, and is responsible for 20% of all cancer deaths in Australia.
Tobacco – Key facts
Kills up to half its users
• Kills more than 8 million people each year. 7 million are as a direct
result of tobacco use, 1.2 million due to second hand smoke
Beliefs that can be barriers to optimal smoking
cessation advice
• Asking about smoking and offering advice and assistance are key roles for health professionals. Barriers raised by health professionals to engaging in greater efforts to provide smoking cessation advice include: • a perception that it is ineffective • lack of time • lack of smoking cessation skills • reluctance to raise the issue due to perceived patient sensitivity about smoking • perceived lack of patient motivation.
Supporting smoking cessation
Pharmacotherapy - NRT
Behavioural and advise based support for smoking cessation
