Chromosomes, genes, DNA Flashcards
Phosphodiester bond
A covalent bond that links two nucleotides together in a a nucleic acid molecule
What are the 4 bases that make up DNA nucleotides?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
WHat is the backbone of DNA made of?
Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphates groups
How are the bases (steps on the DNA ladder) bonded together
With hydrogen bonds
What does A, T, G, and C bond with?
A to T only, and G to C only
How is information stored in DNA?
The sequence of the bases on the DNA helix encodes the information
Genome
the complete genetic information of a cell Genome>chromosome>DNA>genes
Chromosome
a structure of one protein and one molecule of DNA
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in each nucleus?
23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
How do chromosomes fit into a nucleus?
The protein twists DNA into incredibly tight bundles. Without it each DNA strand would be 2 inches long!
Eukaryocyte
Organisms that have a nucleus inside each cell
What does DNA hold instructions to?
Proteins and RNA
Codons
Triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids- the building blocks for genes- 64 types that correlate with a specific amino acid
Genetic code
A set of 64 condons that specify the order of 20 amino acids
How does DNA make protein?
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
Complementary strand
A molecule of RNA (or strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand. The T is replaced by U- bonds with A
How is RNA made from DNA?
The double strand unwinds and separates, proteins use it as a template
What makes RNA different
It uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
How is protein made from RNA?
Messenger RNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome binds mRNA to tRNA
Chromatid
One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the CELL CYCLE . 2 chromatids= sister chromatids
