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Psychology > Chp. 8 - Thinking, Language, & Intelligence > Flashcards

Chp. 8 - Thinking, Language, & Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Thinking: Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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2
Q

Thinking: Concepts

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.

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3
Q

Strategies used to solve problems: Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution for a problem.

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4
Q

Strategies used to solve problems: Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that allows one to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Heuristics are speedier but more error-prone then algorithms.

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5
Q

Strategies used to solve problems: Insight

A

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem. It contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

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6
Q

The AHA! Moment

A

A burst of right temporal lobe EEG activity accompanied insight solutions to word problems.

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7
Q

Obstacles to Problem Solving: Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to seek evidence for one’s ideas more eagerly then evidence against them.

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8
Q

Obstacles to Problem Solving: Functional Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

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9
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, and automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

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10
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Availability heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event based on it’s availability in memory.

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11
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging likelihood of a event in terms of how well it seems to represent, or match, a particular prototype.

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12
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct.

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13
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Belief preseverance

A

Holding beliefs & ignoring the evidence that proves them wrong.

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14
Q

Making decisions & judgements: Framing

A

The way an issue is posed.

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15
Q

Creativity

A

Ability to produce new and valuable ideas; requires a certain aptitude level. Aptitude tests require convergent thinking.

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16
Q

Creativity: Convergent thinking

A

Narrows he available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem. Creativity tests require divergent thinking.

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17
Q

Creativity: Divergent thinking

A

Involves expanding the number of possible solutions. Creative thinking that moves away in different directions.

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18
Q

What is language?

A

Includes spoken, written, or signed words, and the ways one combines them to communicate meaning. Used to transmit a civilization’s knowledge from one generation to the next. Connects humans.

19
Q

Language development: Receptive language

A

Ability of infants to understand what is said to and about them.

20
Q

Language development: Productive language

A

Ability to produce words. Matures after receptive language.

21
Q

The brain and language

A

Damage to any one or several areas of the brain’s cortex can impair language.

22
Q

The brain and language: Broca’s area

A

the area in the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involves in speech.

23
Q

The brain and language: Wernicke’s area

A

The area in the left temporal love that deals with language comprehension and expression..

24
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, a use knowledge to adapt to new stations.

25
Q

Intelligence: General Intelligence

A

The general intelligence factor that underlines specific mental abilities.

26
Q

Intelligence: Savant syndrome

A

Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has exceptional specific still, such a in computation or drawing.

27
Q

Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences: Analytical intelligence

A

School smart: Traditional academic problem solving.

28
Q

Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences: Creative intelligence

A

Trailblazing smarts: Ability to generate novel ideas.

29
Q

Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences: Practical intelligence

A

Street smarts: Skill at handling everyday tasks.

30
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to receive, understand, manage and use emotions.

31
Q

Assessing Intelligence: Intelligence test

A

Assesses an individual’s mental aptitudes and compares them with those of other people, using numerical scores.

32
Q

Assessing Intelligence: Achievement test

A

Assesses what a person has learned.

33
Q

Assessing Intelligence: Aptitude test

A

Predicts a person’s future performance.

34
Q

3 tests of a good test: Standardization

A

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pressed group.

35
Q

3 tests of a good test: Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, an alternative forms of the test, or on resisting.

36
Q

3 tests of a good test: Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed.

37
Q

Validity: Content Validity

A

Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

38
Q

Validity: Predictive Validity

A

Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predicts.

39
Q

Nature & Nurture of Intelligence: Heritability

A

Portion of variation among people in a group that can be attributed to.

40
Q

Crystal & Fluid Intelligence: Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. Increased with age.

41
Q

Crystal & Fluid Intelligence: Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Decreases with age.

42
Q

Group differences and similarities in intelligence test scores: Similarties

A

Few gender differences in math computation and overall math performance.

43
Q

Group differences and similarities in intelligence test scores: Effects of culture

A

Social expectations and opportunities matter. A small gender-related math gap is found in gender-equal cultures.

44
Q

Being Successful

A

Differences are variations of human adaptability. Life’s great achievements result not only from abilities but also from motivation.

Psychology (12 decks)

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