Chp. 8 - Thinking, Language, & Intelligence

Question 1

Thinking: Cognition

Answer 1

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Thinking: Concepts

Answer 2

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.

Question 3

Strategies used to solve problems: Algorithm

Answer 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution for a problem.

Question 4

Strategies used to solve problems: Heuristic

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that allows one to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Heuristics are speedier but more error-prone then algorithms.

Question 5

Strategies used to solve problems: Insight

Answer 5

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem. It contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 6

The AHA! Moment

Answer 6

A burst of right temporal lobe EEG activity accompanied insight solutions to word problems.

Question 7

Obstacles to Problem Solving: Confirmation Bias

Answer 7

Tendency to seek evidence for one’s ideas more eagerly then evidence against them.

Question 8

Obstacles to Problem Solving: Functional Fixation

Answer 8

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

Question 9

Making decisions & judgements: Intuition

Answer 9

Effortless, immediate, and automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 10

Making decisions & judgements: Availability heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of an event based on it’s availability in memory.

Question 11

Making decisions & judgements: Representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

Judging likelihood of a event in terms of how well it seems to represent, or match, a particular prototype.

Question 12

Making decisions & judgements: Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct.

Question 13

Making decisions & judgements: Belief preseverance

Answer 13

Holding beliefs & ignoring the evidence that proves them wrong.

Question 14

Making decisions & judgements: Framing

Answer 14

The way an issue is posed.

Question 15

Creativity

Answer 15

Ability to produce new and valuable ideas; requires a certain aptitude level. Aptitude tests require convergent thinking.

Question 16

Creativity: Convergent thinking

Answer 16

Narrows he available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem. Creativity tests require divergent thinking.

Question 17

Creativity: Divergent thinking

Answer 17

Involves expanding the number of possible solutions. Creative thinking that moves away in different directions.

Question 18

What is language?

Answer 18

Includes spoken, written, or signed words, and the ways one combines them to communicate meaning. Used to transmit a civilization’s knowledge from one generation to the next. Connects humans.

Question 19

Language development: Receptive language

Answer 19

Ability of infants to understand what is said to and about them.

Question 20

Language development: Productive language

Answer 20

Ability to produce words. Matures after receptive language.

Question 21

The brain and language

Answer 21

Damage to any one or several areas of the brain’s cortex can impair language.

Question 22

The brain and language: Broca’s area

Answer 22

the area in the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involves in speech.

Question 23

The brain and language: Wernicke’s area

Answer 23

The area in the left temporal love that deals with language comprehension and expression..

Question 24

Intelligence

Answer 24

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, a use knowledge to adapt to new stations.

Question 25

Intelligence: General Intelligence

Answer 25

The general intelligence factor that underlines specific mental abilities.

Question 26

Intelligence: Savant syndrome

Answer 26

Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has exceptional specific still, such a in computation or drawing.

Question 27

Sternberg's 3 Intelligences: Analytical intelligence

Answer 27

School smart: Traditional academic problem solving.

Question 28

Sternberg's 3 Intelligences: Creative intelligence

Answer 28

Trailblazing smarts: Ability to generate novel ideas.

Question 29

Sternberg's 3 Intelligences: Practical intelligence

Answer 29

Street smarts: Skill at handling everyday tasks.

Question 30

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 30

Ability to receive, understand, manage and use emotions.

Question 31

Assessing Intelligence: Intelligence test

Answer 31

Assesses an individual's mental aptitudes and compares them with those of other people, using numerical scores.

Question 32

Assessing Intelligence: Achievement test

Answer 32

Assesses what a person has learned.

Question 33

Assessing Intelligence: Aptitude test

Answer 33

Predicts a person's future performance.

Question 34

3 tests of a good test: Standardization

Answer 34

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pressed group.

Question 35

3 tests of a good test: Reliability

Answer 35

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, an alternative forms of the test, or on resisting.

Question 36

3 tests of a good test: Validity

Answer 36

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed.

Question 37

Validity: Content Validity

Answer 37

Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

Question 38

Validity: Predictive Validity

Answer 38

Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predicts.

Question 39

Nature & Nurture of Intelligence: Heritability

Answer 39

Portion of variation among people in a group that can be attributed to.

Question 40

Crystal & Fluid Intelligence: Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 40

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. Increased with age.

Question 41

Crystal & Fluid Intelligence: Fluid intelligence

Answer 41

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Decreases with age.

Question 42

Group differences and similarities in intelligence test scores: Similarties

Answer 42

Few gender differences in math computation and overall math performance.

Question 43

Group differences and similarities in intelligence test scores: Effects of culture

Answer 43

Social expectations and opportunities matter. A small gender-related math gap is found in gender-equal cultures.

Question 44

Being Successful

Answer 44

Differences are variations of human adaptability. Life's great achievements result not only from abilities but also from motivation.