Chp. 2 - The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness Flashcards
Dream Theories
Freuds which fulfillment
Manifest Content
Remembered story line of a dream.
Latent Content
Underlying meaning of a dream.
Gestalt Dream Theory
Combines manifest and latent content, you are everything and everyone in your dream.
Dreams
Sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
Recurring problems in failing or staying asleep.
Sleep Disorders: Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep.
Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeatably awakens just long enough to draw a breath.
Fatcells
Increased production; greater risk of obesity.
Joints
Increased inflammation and arthritis.
Muscles
Reduced strength; slower reaction time and motor learning.
Immune System
Decreased production of immune cells; increased risk of viral infections, such as colds.
Heart
Increased risk of high blood pressure.
Stomach
Increase in the hunger-arousing hormone, ghrelin decrease in the hunger-suppressing hormone, leptin.
Brain
Decreased ability to focus attention and process and stone memories; increased risk of depression; decreased metabolic rate; increased cortisol; enhanced limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food; decreased cortical responses - reducing ability to resist temptation.
Sleep Loss Effects
Destroy’s mood. Decrease driver safety. Lower resistance to infection. Reduce school performance. Influence weight gain.
REM Sleep
The heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid and irregular. The eyes dart around, which indicates the beginning of a dream. The genitals of both men & women are aroused, regardless of whether the dream context is sexual.
EEG
Readings to detect sleeping individuals brain waves.
Alpha Waves
As the individual grows tired, he or she slips in to sleep.
Sleep
Periodic natural loss of consciousness.
REM (R) Sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep; a requiring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
Sleep Hygiene
Habits and practices they are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis.
Circadian Rhythm
Internal biological clock. Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hr cycle.
Selective Attention
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Inattentional Blindness
Failure to see visible objects when one’s attention is directed elsewhere.
Change Blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment.
Sequential Processing
Processing are aspect of a problem at a time. Used when one focuses attention or new or complex tasks.
Parallel Processing
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brain’s natural mode of info processing her many functions.
Conscious Awareness
Is a product or coordinated, brain wide activity. Healthy patient and motionless patient both had similar reactions to being asked questions via fMRI.
Biological Psychology
Scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Phineas Gage
His skull was kept as a medical record. Much of his frontal lobe was destroyed.
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons.
The Frontal Lobe
Responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interactions, and motor function.
Brain Damage Effects are caused by
Severed neurons that usually do not repair themselves.
Nervous System
The body’s speedy electrochemical c communication network, cons its of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory and motor neurons connecting to CNS to the rest of the body.
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
Muscle action, learning, memory = Alzheimer’s Ach neurons deteriorate.
Neurotransmitters: Endorphins
Influence perception of pain or pleasure and opiates can suppress natural endorphin supply.
Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine
Alertness and arousal - Linked to depression.
Neurotransmitters: Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory - oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures.
Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
Movement, learning, emotion = Positive liked to schizophrenia, negative linked to mobility issues - Parkinson’s.
Neurotransmitters: Serotonin
Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal. Linked to depression.
Synapse
The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron.
Action Potential
A nerve impulse. A belief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
Neuron
A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Contains dendrites that listen and axons that spread.
Axon
Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glads.
Cell Body
The cell’s life support center.
Dendrites
Receive messages from other cells.
Neural Impulse
Action potential, electric signal traveling down the axon.
Terminal bronches
Of axon from junctions with other cells.
Myelin Sheath
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.
Plastcity
The brain has the ability to change, especially during childhood, bhy reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
