Chp. 12 - Personality

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. Derived from Freud’s psychoanalysis.

Question 2

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 2

Used free association to help patients find and release forbidden thoughts. A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing.

Question 3

Freud’s ID

Answer 3

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.

Question 4

Ego

Answer 4

Largely conscious, “executive” part of the personality that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

Question 5

Suger Ego

Answer 5

Part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals.

Question 6

Identification

Answer 6

Children incorporate their parent’s value into their developing super egos unresolved conflicts cause problems in adulthood.

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

Linerging focuses on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage with unresolved conflicts.

Question 8

Oedipus Complex

Answer 8

A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Question 9

Elektra Complex

Answer 9

The female version of the Oedipus complex.

Question 10

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 10

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Question 11

Projective Tests

Answer 11

Provide ambiguous images designed to trigger projections of the test-taker’s unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Question 12

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 12

A test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Question 13

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 13

the most widely used projective test that has a set of 120 inkblots, which seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Question 14

Humanistic Theories

Answer 14

Focus on ways healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization.

Question 15

Abraham Maslow-Self Actualizing Person

Answer 15

Maslow proposed that humans’ motivations form a pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs.

Question 16

Self-Actualization

Answer 16

The psychological need crises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.

Question 17

Self-Transcendence

Answer 17

The striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Question 18

Carl Rogers-Client (person) Centered Perspective

Answer 18

Humans are primed to reach their potential in a growth-promoting environment.

Question 19

Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard)

Answer 19

A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude which Roegrs believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-awareness.

Question 20

Self-Concept

Answer 20

All the thoughts and feelings one has in response to the question - who am I?

Question 21

Traits

Answer 21

Characteristics patterns of behavior or tendencies to feel and act in a certain way. Assessed by self-report inventories and per reports. more concerned with describing rather than defining traits. Trait theories define personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior.

Question 22

Basic Factors

Answer 22

Clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.

Question 23

Western Cultures Prize Extraversion

Answer 23

Being introverted seems to imply that something is missing. Attractive and successful people are presumed to be extroverts. Introverted people are sensitive. Seek low levels of stimulation in their environment. Handle conflict well.

Question 24

Benefits of Introversion

Answer 24

Introverted leaders outperform extroverted leaders in some contexts, such as when their employees voice new ideas and challenge existing norms. An analysis of 35 studies showed no correlation between extraversion and sales performance. Many introverted prosper, including Abraham Lincoln, Mother Teresa, and Gandhi.

Question 25

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 25

Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.

Question 26

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 26

An introspective self-report questionnaire indicates differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.

Question 27

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Answer 27

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between a person and their social context.

Question 28

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 28

Interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment.

Question 29

Self-Efficacy

Answer 29

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness,

Question 30

Self / Self-Image

Answer 30

Self: Image and understanding of who one is. Self-Image: Internal view of one’s personality.

Question 31

Spotlight Effect

Answer 31

Overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating one’s appearance, performance, and blunders.

Question 32

Self-Esteem: One’s Feelings of High Self-Worth

Answer 32

People with high self-esteem: Feel less pressure to conform. Exhibit more persistence at difficult tasks. Less shy, anxious, and lonely. Happier and experience more success in the future.

Question 33

Self-Esteem: Changes as a Person Ages - Low Self-Esteem

Answer 33

Caused by problems and failures. May foster a tendency to behave negatively toward others.

Question 34

Self-Esteem: Inflated Self-Esteem (Narcissistic People)

Answer 34

Forgive others less. Use a game-playing approach to romantic relationships. Become enraged when criticized.

Question 35

Narcissism

Answer 35

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Question 36

Defensive Self-Esteem

Answer 36

Is fragile. Makes failure and criticism seem threatening. Triggers people to respond to threats with anger or aggression.

Question 37

Secure Self-Esteem

Answer 37

Is sturdy. Relies less on other people’s evaluations. Leads to a greater quality of life.

Question 38

Individualism

Answer 38

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals. Defining one’s identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership.

Question 39

Collectivism

Answer 39

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group, often extended family or work group, and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Question 40

Why do people put themselves down?

Answer 40

Protection from repeating mistakes. Mechanism to prompt positive feedback. Preparation for possible failure. Referencing old selves, not current selves.