Chp. 7 - Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the encoding storage, and retrieval of info.

Question 2

Info processing model

Answer 2

compares human memory to a computer operation. Assumes that, to remember one must indulge in encoding, storage, and retrieval of info.

Question 3

3 stages of info processing model

Answer 3

1. Encoding: getting info into our brain’s memory system. 2. Storage: retaining encoded info over time. 3. Retrieval: getting info out of memory storage.

Question 4

Forming memories - Stages: Sensory memory

Answer 4

Recording to be remembered info as a fleeting sensory memory: immediate and very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.

Question 5

Forming memories - Stages: Short-Term Memory

Answer 5

Processing info into short-term memory, where it is end=coded through rehearsal: activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is forgotten.

Question 6

Forming memories - stages: long-term memory

Answer 6

Moving info into long-term memory for later retrieval: a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Question 7

Working memory

Answer 7

Newer understanding of short-term memory. Info entered the working memory through vision and auditory rehearsal.

Question 8

Encoding - 2-track memory system: Implicit memory

Answer 8

Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.

Question 9

Encoding - 2-track memory system: Explicit memory

Answer 9

Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved.

Question 10

Automatic processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of everyday info. Such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned info such as word meanings.

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Sensory memory

Answer 12

1st stage in forming explicit memories. Recording immediate and very brief info in a fleeting manner.

Question 13

Iconic & echoic memory

Answer 13

Iconic: Picturing-image memory of a scene.
Echoic: Sensory memory of sounds.

Question 14

Short-term memory (miller’s & other researchers)

Answer 14

Miller’s: about 7 bits of info stored during the short-term stage. Others: about 7 digits or about 6 letters or 5 words recalled.

Question 15

Working memory

Answer 15

Working memory capacity varies with age. Work is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time.

Question 16

Effortful Processing Strategies: Chunking

Answer 16

Organizing items into familiar & manageable units. Occurs naturally.

Question 17

Effortful Processing Strategies: Mnemonics

Answer 17

Memory aids. Techniques that often use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 18

Spaced Study & Self-assessment: Spacing effect

Answer 18

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 19

Repeated Self-Testing: Testing effect

Answer 19

Testing does more than assess learning and memory, it improves them.

Question 20

Explicit Memory System: The Hippocampus: Semantic memory

Answer 20

Explicit memory of facts and general or episodic.

Question 21

Explicit Memory System: The Hippocampus: Episodic memory

Answer 21

Explicit memory of personally experienced events.

Question 22

Explicit Memory System: The Hippocampus

Answer 22

The hippocampus acts as a loading dock where the brain registers and temporarily stores aspects of an event. The hippocampus is in the neural center located in the limbic system.

Question 23

Frontal Lobes & Memory: Memory Consolidation

Answer 23

Memories migrate for storage via the memory consolidation process. Memory consolidation: Neural storage of long-term memory.

Question 24

Infant Memories: Infantile amnesia

Answer 24

As adults, our conscious memory of our first 4 years is largely blank, an experience called infantile amnesia.

Question 25

Emotions & Their Effects On Memory

Answer 25

Excitement or stress triggers hormone production.

Question 26

Emotions & Their Effects On Memory: Flashbulb Memories

Answer 26

Clear memories of emotionally significant events.

Question 27

Measures of Retention: Recall

Answer 27

Memory demonstrated by retrieving info learned earlier. - Fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 28

Measures of Retention: Recognition

Answer 28

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned. - Multiple-choice test.

Question 29

Measures of Retention: Relearning

Answer 29

Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material for a second time.

Question 30

Retrieving Memories: Retrieval cues

Answer 30

Any stimulus (event, feeling, place and so on) linked to a specific memory.

Question 31

Retrieving Memories: Priming

Answer 31

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

After seeing or hearing a rabbit, we are later more likely to spell the spoken word as h-a-r-e. Priming associations unconsciously active related associations. Seeing/hearing the word rabbit -> Actives concept: thinking of a rabbit -> primes spelling the spoken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e.

Question 33

Forgetting: Amnesia

Answer 33

Loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.

Question 34

Forgetting: Anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

Inability to form new memories.

Question 35

Forgetting: Retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

Inability to remember info from out past.

Question 36

Interference: Proactive

Answer 36

Previously learned impacts future learned.

Question 37

Interference: Retroactive

Answer 37

Forget a learned task due to learning a new task.

Question 38

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 38

According to Freud, people repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect their self-concept and minimize anxiety.

Question 39

Motivated Forgetting: Repression

Answer 39

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories cause anxiety.

Question 40

Errors in Memory Construction: Reconsolidation

Answer 40

The process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially citered before being stored again.

Question 41

Misinformation and Imagination Effects: Misinformation effect

Answer 41

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading info

Question 42

Misinformation and Imagination Effects: Imagination effect

Answer 42

Occurs when repeatedly imagining fake actions and events creates false memories.

Question 43

Source Amnesia: Deja vu

Answer 43

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined. - Helps explain Deja vu.

Question 44

False Memories

Answer 44

An apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur.