Chp 19 Oncology Flashcards
1
Q
characterized by unrestrained excessive growth of cells
A
cancer
2
Q
what type of tumors compress, invade, and destroy surrounding tissue
A
malignant tumors
3
Q
growths that arise from normal tissues are known as (what tumors)
A
neoplasms
4
Q
what is the process of a normal cell to a cancerous one
A
carcinogensis
5
Q
what are the four carcinogenesis environmental agents?
A
- chemical carcinogens
- radiation
- viruses
- oncogenes
6
Q
what are two hereditary carcinogenesis
A
retinoblastoma, polyposis coli
7
Q
what type of cancerous tumor is epithelial cell origin, 90% all malignancies
A
carcinomas
8
Q
what classification of cancerous tumor is the differentiation of cells into specialized tissue and organs
A
histogenesis
9
Q
what classification of cancerous tumor is connective tissue in origin?
A
sarcoma
10
Q
what classification of cancerous tumor is developed in muscles or blood vessels?
A
soft tissue sarcoma
11
Q
what classification of cancerous tumor develops in the bone?
A
bone sarcomas
12
Q
what classification of cancerous tumor have tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue
A
mixed tissue tumor
13
Q
the degree of maturity or differenciation under the microscope
A
grade
14
Q
extent of spread in the body indicates what
A
stage
15
Q
what are the gazillion radiation therapy side effects?
A
- alopecia
- fibrosis
- infertility
- mucositis
- myelosuppression
- nausea and vomiting
- pneumonitis
- secondary tumors
- xerostomia
16
Q
assisting the primary treatment is known as
A
adjuvant chemotherapy
17
Q
synthetic chemicals containing alykl groups that attack DNA
A
alkylating agents
18
Q
loss of differentiation of cells
A
anaplasia
19
Q
process of forming new blood vessels
A
angiogenesis
20
Q
chemicals produced by bacteria or primitive plants inhibits growth of cells
A
antibiotics
21
Q
chemicals that prevent cell division, inhibits formation of substances needed to make DNA
A
antimetabolites
22
Q
drugs that block cell division
A
antimitotics
23
Q
programmed cell death
A
apoptosis
24
Q
noncancerous growth
A
benign tumor
25
produced by normal cells, directly block tumor growth or timulate immune system to fight cancer
biological response modifers
26
use of body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells
biological therapy
27
use of radiation placed directly on or within cancer
brachytherapy
28
agents that cause cancer
carcinogens
29
cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin
carcinoma
30
pieces of DNA, activated by mutations or dislocation that cause a normal cell to become malignant
cellular onogenes
31
treatment with drugs
chemotherapy
32
use of several chemotherapeutic agents together in treatment of tumors
combination chemotherapy
33
loss of differenciation of cells
dedifferenciation
34
genetic material within the nucleus of a cell, controls cell division and protein synthesis
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA lol)
35
drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die
differentiating agents
36
specialization of cells
differenciation
37
low energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
electron beams
38
surrounded by a capsule, benign tumors are encapsulated
encapsulated
39
applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body
external beam irradiation
40
dimensions of body areas undergoing irradiation
fields
41
giving radiation in small, repeated doses
fractionation
42
testing family members to determine if they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
genetic screening
43
evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells
grading tumors
44
unit of absorbed radiation dose
gray
45
visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye
gross description of tumors
46
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
infiltrative
47
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
invasive
48
exposure to any form of radiant energy, such as light/heat/x rays
irradiation
49
large electronic device that produces high energy x ray beams for treatment of deep seated tumors
linear accelerator
50
tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis
malignant tumor
51
embryonic connective tissue
mesenchymal
52
spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
metastasis
53
appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope
microscopic description of tumors
54
replication of cells
mitosis
55
tumors composed of different types of tissue
mixed tissue tumors
56
method of treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation
modality
57
anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells
molecularly targeted therapy
58
condition of being unwell, deficient in normal function
morbidity
59
containing mucus
mucinous
60
change in DNA, may be spontaneous or caused by chemical, radiation, or viruses
mutation
61
new growth, benign or malignant tumors
neoplasm
62
unit of DNA, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base
nucleotide
63
region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
oncogene
64
relieving, but not curing symptoms
palliative
65
possessing a stem or stalk
pedunculated
66
radiation therapy using energy in the form of x rays or gamma rays
photon therapy
67
detailed plan for treatment of an illness
protocol
68
use of protons produced by a cyclotron to deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body
proton therapy
69
energy carried by a stream of particles
radiation
70
tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy
radiocurable tumor
71
tumor that required large doses of radiation to be destroyed
radioresistant tumor
72
tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
radiosensitive
73
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x rays
radiosensitizers
74
treatment of tumors using doses or radiation
radiotherapy
75
recurrence of tumor after treatment
relapse
76
partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease
remission
77
cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA, directs formation of new protein inside cells
RNA
78
cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue
sarcoma
79
having the appearance of a thing, watery fluid
serous
80
having no stem
sessile
81
study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given
simulation
82
tumor composed of a mass of cells
solid tumor
83
system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors
staging of tumors
84
delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic guidance
stereotactic radiosurgery
85
complex, naturally occuring chemicals derived from cholesterol
steriods
86
methods of removing cancerous tissue
surgical procedures to treat cancer
87
pieces of DNA from virsues that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
viral oncogenes
88
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to copy itself
virus
89
the use of immune cells or antibodies to kill tumors
immunotherapy
90
this method of therapy is done by removing the patients T cell lymphocytes and introducing new chimeric antigen receptors on the cell surface
immunotherapy
91
what type of cells are infused into the patient in immunotherapy that attack and destroy B cell tumors?
CAR-T cells
92
what type of antibodies block growth receptors on cell surface
monoclonal antibodies
93
the process of burning tissue to destroy it and can be performed using laser, dry ice, chemicals and electrocautery is called
cauterization
94
what type of cauterization is done using a small probe, which was an electric current running through it to cauterize the tissue
cauterization
95
the placement of a large bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue is called
core needle biopsy
96
the use of extreme cold to destroy cells
cyrosurgery/cyrotherapy
97
for external tumors using cryotherapy what do you spray/cotton swab onto the skin?
liquid nitrogen
98
for external tumors using cryotherapy how do you get the liquid nitrogen into the body?
liquid nitrogen circulated with an instrument called cryoprobe (placed in contact with tumor)
99
is cryosurgery more or less invasive?
less invasive than surgery
100
a surgical procedure in which a lesion and surrounding tissue are removed in one piece is called
en bloc resection
101
3 examples of en bloc resection
1. modified radical mastectomy
2. colectomy
3. gastrectomy
102
the removal of a tumor and part of the normal surrounding tissue to produce a specimen for diagnosis is called (can be curative for small tumors)
excisional biopsy
103
the surgical removal of the organs of the body cavity as well as the tumor is called?
exenteration
104
what type of exenteration is used for large recurrent cervical cancers and should be considered a salvage procedure with a 23% mortality rate
pelvic exteneration
105
what type of exenteration would you use for ocular tumors?
eye socket
106
the removal or destruction of diseased tissue using controlled electrical current is called
fulguration
107
the surgical procedure that is focused on sampling or removing abnormal tissue from a site of the body to make a definitive diagnosis is called?
incisional biopsy
108
a type of advanced cancer treatment with radioactive seeds placed in the tumor itself, giving high radiation dose while reducing radiation exposure in the surrounding healthy tissue
bachytherapy
109
the treatment by electrons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as betatron is called
electron beam
110
what are electron beams mainly used for?
lesions situated at or near the surface of the skin
111
what is the advantage of electron beams compared to x rays
electrons give a maximum dose to the first few cm of tissue of the skin, decreasing with depth
112
a method of irradiation in which the source of radiation is outside the body
external beam radiation (teletherapy)
113
where must the radiation beam always be positioned in teletherapy?
transverse the skin and some normal tissue
114
a defined area that will be bombarded by radiation
fields
115
a method of dividing the total dose of radiation in small repeated doses
fractionation
116
what is used to prevent damage to normal surrounding tissue
fractionation
117
the internal unit of measure of absorbed radiatin dose is called
gray
118
electronic device that produces high energy x ray beams for the treatment of deep tumors
linear accelerator
119
what therapy has the ability to focus on very small areas rather than deep in the tissue without damaging surrounding areas is called
proton therapy
120
what therapy is favored for treating certain kinds of tumors where conventional therapies would damage radiosensitive tissues (optic nerves, spinal cord)
proton therapy
121
unit of the radiation quantity "radiation absorbed dose"
RAD
122
use of anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. over 50 different types and usually combined
chemotherapy
123
a family of anti-cancer drugs that interfere with the cells DNA inhibits cancer cell growth
alkylating agents
124
what treatment is produced by bacteria or fungi and bind to the DNA in the cell preventing replication
antibiotics
125
what type of drugs inhibit synthesis of substances that are necessary components of DNA or may block replication of DNA
antimetabolites
126
what is a chemical from plants and animals used in combination with other chemo drugs
antimitotics
127
what type of therapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy and give better results in many clinical trials done so far
hormonal agents
128
treatment given after the primary treatment to increase chances of a cure
adjuvant therapy
129
what is included in adjuvant therapy
1. chemo
2. radiation
3. hormone therapy
4. biologic therapy
130
what measures the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
protein marker tests
131
sample of bone marrow usually taken from the hip
bone marrow biopsy (lots of steps for this, check out the slides)
132
what are the two ways to get a bone marrow transplant
stem cell or bone marrow donor (allogenic)
133
why are stem cell transplant or bone marrow donor transplants given?
allows much higher doses of chemotherapy to improve chances of curing the disease
134
minimally invasive endoscopic exam of large colon and distal small bowel with fiber optic camera on flexible tube passed through anus is called
fiberoptic colonoscopy
135
what relies on cells being shed naturally from a surface and can be collected without damage to the body and provide alternative to histological biopsy
exfoliative cytology
136
what is an example of exfoliative cytology
pap smear
137
what is a specific type of imaging that uses a low dose x ray system for the exam of breasts. used as screening tool to detect cancer in pts with no symptoms
mammography
138
what is it called with a PET scan is combined with a CT scan
PET/CT scan (lol tricky)
139
an imaging technique that uses a small dose of radioactive chemical called tracer to identify areas of the body where radioactivity accumulated is called
radionuclide scans
140
tracer is radionuclide scans are either ____ or _____
injected or swallowed
141
what type of rays do radionuclide scans emit?
gamma
