Chp 19 Oncology Flashcards
characterized by unrestrained excessive growth of cells
cancer
what type of tumors compress, invade, and destroy surrounding tissue
malignant tumors
growths that arise from normal tissues are known as (what tumors)
neoplasms
what is the process of a normal cell to a cancerous one
carcinogensis
what are the four carcinogenesis environmental agents?
- chemical carcinogens
- radiation
- viruses
- oncogenes
what are two hereditary carcinogenesis
retinoblastoma, polyposis coli
what type of cancerous tumor is epithelial cell origin, 90% all malignancies
carcinomas
what classification of cancerous tumor is the differentiation of cells into specialized tissue and organs
histogenesis
what classification of cancerous tumor is connective tissue in origin?
sarcoma
what classification of cancerous tumor is developed in muscles or blood vessels?
soft tissue sarcoma
what classification of cancerous tumor develops in the bone?
bone sarcomas
what classification of cancerous tumor have tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue
mixed tissue tumor
the degree of maturity or differenciation under the microscope
grade
extent of spread in the body indicates what
stage
what are the gazillion radiation therapy side effects?
- alopecia
- fibrosis
- infertility
- mucositis
- myelosuppression
- nausea and vomiting
- pneumonitis
- secondary tumors
- xerostomia
assisting the primary treatment is known as
adjuvant chemotherapy
synthetic chemicals containing alykl groups that attack DNA
alkylating agents
loss of differentiation of cells
anaplasia
process of forming new blood vessels
angiogenesis
chemicals produced by bacteria or primitive plants inhibits growth of cells
antibiotics
chemicals that prevent cell division, inhibits formation of substances needed to make DNA
antimetabolites
drugs that block cell division
antimitotics
programmed cell death
apoptosis
noncancerous growth
benign tumor
produced by normal cells, directly block tumor growth or timulate immune system to fight cancer
biological response modifers
use of body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells
biological therapy
use of radiation placed directly on or within cancer
brachytherapy
agents that cause cancer
carcinogens
cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin
carcinoma
pieces of DNA, activated by mutations or dislocation that cause a normal cell to become malignant
cellular onogenes
treatment with drugs
chemotherapy
use of several chemotherapeutic agents together in treatment of tumors
combination chemotherapy
loss of differenciation of cells
dedifferenciation
genetic material within the nucleus of a cell, controls cell division and protein synthesis
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA lol)
drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die
differentiating agents
specialization of cells
differenciation
low energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
electron beams
surrounded by a capsule, benign tumors are encapsulated
encapsulated
applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body
external beam irradiation
dimensions of body areas undergoing irradiation
fields
giving radiation in small, repeated doses
fractionation
testing family members to determine if they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
genetic screening
evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells
grading tumors
unit of absorbed radiation dose
gray
visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye
gross description of tumors
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
infiltrative
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
invasive
exposure to any form of radiant energy, such as light/heat/x rays
irradiation
large electronic device that produces high energy x ray beams for treatment of deep seated tumors
linear accelerator
tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis
malignant tumor
embryonic connective tissue
mesenchymal
spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
metastasis
appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope
microscopic description of tumors
replication of cells
mitosis
tumors composed of different types of tissue
mixed tissue tumors
method of treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation
modality
anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells
molecularly targeted therapy
condition of being unwell, deficient in normal function
morbidity
containing mucus
mucinous
change in DNA, may be spontaneous or caused by chemical, radiation, or viruses
mutation
new growth, benign or malignant tumors
neoplasm
unit of DNA, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base
nucleotide
region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
oncogene
relieving, but not curing symptoms
palliative
possessing a stem or stalk
pedunculated
radiation therapy using energy in the form of x rays or gamma rays
photon therapy
detailed plan for treatment of an illness
protocol
use of protons produced by a cyclotron to deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body
proton therapy
energy carried by a stream of particles
radiation
tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy
radiocurable tumor
tumor that required large doses of radiation to be destroyed
radioresistant tumor
tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
radiosensitive
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x rays
radiosensitizers
treatment of tumors using doses or radiation
radiotherapy
recurrence of tumor after treatment
relapse
partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease
remission
cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA, directs formation of new protein inside cells
RNA
cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue
sarcoma
having the appearance of a thing, watery fluid
serous
having no stem
sessile
study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given
simulation
tumor composed of a mass of cells
solid tumor
system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors
staging of tumors
delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic guidance
stereotactic radiosurgery
complex, naturally occuring chemicals derived from cholesterol
steriods
methods of removing cancerous tissue
surgical procedures to treat cancer
pieces of DNA from virsues that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
viral oncogenes
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to copy itself
virus
the use of immune cells or antibodies to kill tumors
immunotherapy
this method of therapy is done by removing the patients T cell lymphocytes and introducing new chimeric antigen receptors on the cell surface
immunotherapy
what type of cells are infused into the patient in immunotherapy that attack and destroy B cell tumors?
CAR-T cells
what type of antibodies block growth receptors on cell surface
monoclonal antibodies
the process of burning tissue to destroy it and can be performed using laser, dry ice, chemicals and electrocautery is called
cauterization
what type of cauterization is done using a small probe, which was an electric current running through it to cauterize the tissue
cauterization
the placement of a large bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue is called
core needle biopsy
the use of extreme cold to destroy cells
cyrosurgery/cyrotherapy
for external tumors using cryotherapy what do you spray/cotton swab onto the skin?
liquid nitrogen
for external tumors using cryotherapy how do you get the liquid nitrogen into the body?
liquid nitrogen circulated with an instrument called cryoprobe (placed in contact with tumor)
is cryosurgery more or less invasive?
less invasive than surgery
a surgical procedure in which a lesion and surrounding tissue are removed in one piece is called
en bloc resection
3 examples of en bloc resection
- modified radical mastectomy
- colectomy
- gastrectomy
the removal of a tumor and part of the normal surrounding tissue to produce a specimen for diagnosis is called (can be curative for small tumors)
excisional biopsy
the surgical removal of the organs of the body cavity as well as the tumor is called?
exenteration
what type of exenteration is used for large recurrent cervical cancers and should be considered a salvage procedure with a 23% mortality rate
pelvic exteneration
what type of exenteration would you use for ocular tumors?
eye socket
the removal or destruction of diseased tissue using controlled electrical current is called
fulguration
the surgical procedure that is focused on sampling or removing abnormal tissue from a site of the body to make a definitive diagnosis is called?
incisional biopsy
a type of advanced cancer treatment with radioactive seeds placed in the tumor itself, giving high radiation dose while reducing radiation exposure in the surrounding healthy tissue
bachytherapy
the treatment by electrons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as betatron is called
electron beam
what are electron beams mainly used for?
lesions situated at or near the surface of the skin
what is the advantage of electron beams compared to x rays
electrons give a maximum dose to the first few cm of tissue of the skin, decreasing with depth
a method of irradiation in which the source of radiation is outside the body
external beam radiation (teletherapy)
where must the radiation beam always be positioned in teletherapy?
transverse the skin and some normal tissue
a defined area that will be bombarded by radiation
fields
a method of dividing the total dose of radiation in small repeated doses
fractionation
what is used to prevent damage to normal surrounding tissue
fractionation
the internal unit of measure of absorbed radiatin dose is called
gray
electronic device that produces high energy x ray beams for the treatment of deep tumors
linear accelerator
what therapy has the ability to focus on very small areas rather than deep in the tissue without damaging surrounding areas is called
proton therapy
what therapy is favored for treating certain kinds of tumors where conventional therapies would damage radiosensitive tissues (optic nerves, spinal cord)
proton therapy
unit of the radiation quantity “radiation absorbed dose”
RAD
use of anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. over 50 different types and usually combined
chemotherapy
a family of anti-cancer drugs that interfere with the cells DNA inhibits cancer cell growth
alkylating agents
what treatment is produced by bacteria or fungi and bind to the DNA in the cell preventing replication
antibiotics
what type of drugs inhibit synthesis of substances that are necessary components of DNA or may block replication of DNA
antimetabolites
what is a chemical from plants and animals used in combination with other chemo drugs
antimitotics
what type of therapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy and give better results in many clinical trials done so far
hormonal agents
treatment given after the primary treatment to increase chances of a cure
adjuvant therapy
what is included in adjuvant therapy
- chemo
- radiation
- hormone therapy
- biologic therapy
what measures the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
protein marker tests
sample of bone marrow usually taken from the hip
bone marrow biopsy (lots of steps for this, check out the slides)
what are the two ways to get a bone marrow transplant
stem cell or bone marrow donor (allogenic)
why are stem cell transplant or bone marrow donor transplants given?
allows much higher doses of chemotherapy to improve chances of curing the disease
minimally invasive endoscopic exam of large colon and distal small bowel with fiber optic camera on flexible tube passed through anus is called
fiberoptic colonoscopy
what relies on cells being shed naturally from a surface and can be collected without damage to the body and provide alternative to histological biopsy
exfoliative cytology
what is an example of exfoliative cytology
pap smear
what is a specific type of imaging that uses a low dose x ray system for the exam of breasts. used as screening tool to detect cancer in pts with no symptoms
mammography
what is it called with a PET scan is combined with a CT scan
PET/CT scan (lol tricky)
an imaging technique that uses a small dose of radioactive chemical called tracer to identify areas of the body where radioactivity accumulated is called
radionuclide scans
tracer is radionuclide scans are either ____ or _____
injected or swallowed
what type of rays do radionuclide scans emit?
gamma
