Ch 18 Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Outer section of each adrenal gland: secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
A
adrenal cortex
2
Q
Inner section of each adrenal gland: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
adrenal medulla
3
Q
Located in the lower abdomen of female: responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
A
ovaries
4
Q
Located behind the stomach, exocrine and endocrine functions
A
pancreas
5
Q
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
A
parathyroid glands
6
Q
Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica
A
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
7
Q
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sec of the male: responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
A
testes
8
Q
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea, secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
A
thyroid gland
9
Q
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure
A
adrenaline (epi)
10
Q
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex
A
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
11
Q
Secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases salt reabsorption and excretion of potassium (mineralocorticoid)
A
aldosterone
12
Q
Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)
A
androgen
13
Q
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, increases reabsorption of water by kidney
A
ADH
14
Q
Secreted by the thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels
A
calcitonin
15
Q
Secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases blood sugar, influences metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins (glucocorticoid)
A
cortisol
16
Q
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure, sympathomimetic agent
A
epi
17
Q
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries
A
estradiol
18
Q
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent)
A
estrogen
19
Q
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries or sperm production in testes
A
FSH
20
Q
Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas, increases blood sugar
A
glucagon
21
Q
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
A
GH (somatotropin)
22
Q
Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas, helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen
A
insulin
23
Q
Secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
A
LH
24
Q
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure, sympathomimetic agent
A
NE
25
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth
oxytocin
26
Secreted by parathyroid glands, increases blood calcium
PTH
27
Secreted by the ovaries, prepares the uterus for preganancy
progesterone
28
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promotes milk secretion
PRL (prolactin)
29
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, growth hormone
STH (somatotropin)
30
Male hormone secreted by the testes
testosterone
31
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promotes thyroid function
TSH
32
Secreted by the thyroid gland, increases cell metabolism
T4 (thyroxine)
33
Secreted by the thyroid gland, increases cell metabolism
T3 (triiodothyronine)
34
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland as a result of ADH, raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
vasopressin
35
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by adrenal medulla
catecholamines
36
Hormones produced by adrenal cortex (as a group)
corticosteroids
37
Mineral salt found in blood and tissues
electrolyte
38
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, also anti-inflammatory
glucocorticoid
39
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
homeostasis
40
Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
hormone
41
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
42
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body
mineralocorticoid
43
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
receptor
44
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
45
Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics
sex hormones
46
Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made
steroid
47
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
sympathomimetic
48
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
target tissue
49
Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
50
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to outside of the body
exocrine glands
51
How many parathyroid bodies are typically found on the posterior side of the thyroid
4
52
Islets of Langerhans produce: (2)
Insulin and glucagon
53
Controls secretions of the pituitary gland via releasing factors (hormones)
Hypothalamus
54
The hypothalamus releases ___ as a result of stressors, which causes the anterior pituitary to release ____, causing the adrenal cortex to release ________.
CRH, ACTH, cortisol
55
T or F: the HPA Axis is a negative feedback loop
True
56
The reaction to excess production of thyroid hormone (what is the condition called?)
hyperthyroidism
57
Autoimmune disease often resulting in goiter and opthalmopathy
Graves' disease
58
Multiple nodules on thyroid that develop late in life due to hyperthyroidism and are almost never malignant
Toxic multinodular goiter
59
Solitary nodule with autonomous function on thyroid that is almost always benign
Toxic uninodular goiter
60
Hyperthyroidism S&S (7)
-EXOPHTHALMOS
-sweating
-fatigue
-weakness
-increased appetite
-tachycardia
-weight loss
61
Life-threatening condition with extremely low TSH levels, can cause heart failure, fever, and mania
Thyroid Storm
62
Clinical state resulting from decreased circulating levels of free thyroid hormone from resistance to hormone action
Hypothyroidism
63
Ratio (female:male) of hypothyroidism
5-10:1
64
Hypothyroidism S&S (a million)
-Weakness
-Fatigue & lethargy
-Cold
-Memory loss
-Hearing impairment
-Constipation
-Arthralgias
-Modest weight gain
-Menorrhagia
-Depression
-Carpal tunnel syndrome
-Hoarseness
65
Hypothyroidism Tx
Thyroid hormone supplementation
66
Clinical state resulting from decreased circulating levels of free thyroid hormone or from resistance to hormone action (SEVERE)
Myxedema
67
Myxedema S&S (8)
-dry, coarse skin
-dull facial expression
-swollen hands and feet
-bradycardia
-hypothermia
-reduced body & scalp hair
-reduced systolic BP, increased diastolic BP
-macroglossia
68
Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
Cretinism
69
Cretinism leads to a lack of normal ________ and _____ growth
Physical and mental
70
Cretinism S&S in children (2)
-Obese
-Short & stocky
71
Cretinism Tx
Thyroid supplementation
72
Most common variety of thyroid carcinoma, associated with radiation exposure
papillary carcinoma
73
Papillary carcinoma makes up __-__% of thyroid tumors
60-70
74
T or F: papillary carcinoma has good prognosis
True
75
Thyroid carcinoma that usually occurs in females over 40 years of age
Follicular carcinoma
76
Follicular carcinoma makes up __-__% of thyroid tumors
10-20
77
Undifferentiated, aggressive thyroid tumor with very poor prognosis :(
Anaplastic tumor
78
Are medullary carcinomas common?
NO
79
Thyroid Carcinoma S&S (5)
-Painless, hard, fixed neck mass
-Hoarseness
-Dysphagia
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Dyspnea
80
Represents a loss in control of the body's normal regulatory feedback mechanism on the parathyroid glands and their ability to maintain a normal serum calcium level
Hyperthyroidism
81
Hyperthyroidism causes _______ to leave the bones and enter the bloodstream
calcium
82
T or F: Hyperparathyroidism leads to bones that are susceptible to fracture
True :(
83
Hyperparathyroidism S&S (3)
-Painful bones
-Renal stones
-Abdominal groans
84
Deficiency of PTH, manifested as hypocalcemia producing neuromuscular symptoms
Hypoparathyroidism
85
Hypoparathyroidism S&S (6)
-Increased deep tendon reflexes
-Carpopedal spasm/twitching
-Chvostek's sign
-Trousseau's sign
-Paresthesias (tingling)
-Tetany (constant muscle contraction)
86
Hyperirritability of the facial nerve when tapped (like a reflex)
Chvostek's Sign
87
Carpopedal spasm within 2 minutes of inflating a blood pressure cuff over systolic pressure
Trousseau's sign
88
Excessive output of adrenal androgens that can be caused by a tumor in females
Adrenal Virilism
89
Adrenal Virilism S&S (4)
-amenorrhea
-hirsutism
-acne
-deepening voice
90
Clinical abnormalities associated with chronic exposure to excessive amounts of cortisol (using steroids)
Cushing Syndrome
91
Cushing Syndrome S&S (too many)
-moon faces (adiposity)
-increased adipose in neck and trunk
-emotional lability (instability)
-hypertension
-osteoporosis
-purple striae (stretch marks)
-glucose intolerance
-easy bruising
-muscle weakness
92
Adrenal hypofunction with inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (usually autoimmune)
Addison Disease
93
Addison Disease S&S (more than I can count)
-weakness
-fatigue
-weight loss
-dizziness
-increased pigmentation
-anorexia
-NV
-diarrhea
-salt craving
-hair loss
-depression
94
Acute complication of adrenal insufficiency (Addison Disease complication), life-threatening
Addisonian crisis
95
Glucocorticoids support the circulatory system, so Addisonian crisis causes:
-circulatory collapse
-dehydration
-hypotension
-NV
-hypoglycemia
96
Addisonian crisis is typically precipitated by physiologic _____ or _______
stress or illness
97
Catecholamine-producing tumor found in the adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma!
98
Pheochromocytoma S&S (the 5 "P's")
-Pressure (sudden increase in BP)
-Pain (headache, chest, and abdominal)
-Perspiration
-Palpitation
-Pallor
99
Pheochromocytoma Tx
Inpatient surgery
100
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulemia
101
Hyperinsulemia causes (2)
-tumor of the pancreas
-overdose of insulin (cough cough)
102
Hyperinsulemia S&S (2)
-fainting/loss of consciousness
-convulsion
103
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance to insulin that prevents sugar from leaving the blood and entering the body cells
Diabetes Mellitus
104
Onset in childhood with destruction of the beta islet cells of the pancreas and deficiency of insulin (which type?)
Type 1 Diabetes
105
Type 1 Diabetes Tx
Insulin
106
Typically older patients, islet cells are NOT destroyed, but there is deficiency of insulin secretion and uptake resistance (which type?)
Type 2 Diabetes
107
Type 2 Diabetes Tx
Oral meds and maybe insulin
108
Diabetes Mellitus S&S (5)
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-weight loss
-poor wound healing
109
DM complications
-retinopathy
-nephropathy
-neuropathy
-gastroparesis
-CV disease
110
Super high blood sugar as a result of illness of infection in Type 1 DM (also don't skip your insulin :)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
111
When does gestational diabetes typically occur?
During second or third trimester of pregnancy
112
Screen for gestational diabetes using a ______ _________ test
glucose tolerance
113
Gestational diabetes risks (literally a thousand)
-preeclampsia
-hydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)
-macrosomia (big baby!)
-fetal organomegaly
-maternal and infant birth trauma
-perinatal mortality
-neonatal respiratory problems
-neonatal metabolic complications (like hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, etc.)
-operative delivery
114
Excessive growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland (adenoma) after puberty
acromegaly
115
Excessive growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland before puberty
gigantism
116
T or F: Acromegaly leads to abnormal height
False, normal height
117
The enlargement of head, face, hands, feet, and thorax in acromegaly is _________
progressive
118
Acromegaly Tx
-Transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary gland
-Stereotactic radiotherapy
-Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
119
Gigantism Tx
-Surgery
-Irradiation
-Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
120
Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland with decreased secretion of growth hormone leads to:
dwarfism
121
T or F: Dwarfism often results in mental disability
FALSE, typical mental development
122
Dwarfism Tx
Administer growth hormone
123
Generalized condition caused by partial or total failure of the pituitary gland's vital hormones
panhypopituitarism
124
Panhypopituitarism affects which hormones? (6)
ACTH
TSH
LH
FSH
GH
Prolactin
125
Panhypopituitarism causes (3)
-tumors of the sella turcica
-arterial aneurysms
-surgery of the pituitary
126
Panhypopituitarism S&S (a lot again)
-decreased FSH and LH
-secondary amenorrhea
-impotence
-infertility
-decreased libido
-diabetes insipidus
-lethargy
-headache
-visual field defect
-blindness
127
Panhypopituitarism Tx
Exogenous hormones
128
Defective regulation of water balance secondary to decreased secretion of, or failure of response to vasopressin
Diabetes Insipidus
129
DI S&S (7)
-thirst
-polydipsia
-polyuria
-nocturia
-dehydration
-headache
-visual disturbances
130
DI Causes (3)
-tumors
-infections
-vascular disorders
131
DI Tx
DDAVP
132
A form of hyponatremia with inappropriately elevated urine osmolality and no discernable stimulus for ADH release
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
133
SIADH leads to _______ of total body water (increase or decrease?)
increase
134
SIADH causes (3)
-tumor
-drug reaction
-head injury
135
SIADH Tx
water restriction
136
SIADH S&S (3!)
-hyponatremia
-hypoosmolality
-urine osmolality above 100 mosmol/kg
137
Thyroid Function Test panel includes: (6)
T3 uptake
Free T4
Total T4
Total T3
Free thyroxine (T4) index
TSH
138
The thyroid gland take iodine from bloodstream and combines it with tyrosine to make __ and __
T4 and T3
139
The ___ portion of the thyroid hormones is the true determinate of thyroid status
free
