Ch 18 Endocrine Flashcards
Outer section of each adrenal gland: secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
adrenal cortex
Inner section of each adrenal gland: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
Located in the lower abdomen of female: responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
ovaries
Located behind the stomach, exocrine and endocrine functions
pancreas
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sec of the male: responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
testes
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea, secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
thyroid gland
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenaline (epi)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases salt reabsorption and excretion of potassium (mineralocorticoid)
aldosterone
Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)
androgen
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, increases reabsorption of water by kidney
ADH
Secreted by the thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels
calcitonin
Secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases blood sugar, influences metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins (glucocorticoid)
cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure, sympathomimetic agent
epi
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries
estradiol
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent)
estrogen
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries or sperm production in testes
FSH
Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas, increases blood sugar
glucagon
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
GH (somatotropin)
Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas, helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen
insulin
Secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
LH
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure, sympathomimetic agent
NE
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth
oxytocin
Secreted by parathyroid glands, increases blood calcium
PTH
Secreted by the ovaries, prepares the uterus for preganancy
progesterone
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promotes milk secretion
PRL (prolactin)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, growth hormone
STH (somatotropin)
Male hormone secreted by the testes
testosterone
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promotes thyroid function
TSH
Secreted by the thyroid gland, increases cell metabolism
T4 (thyroxine)
Secreted by the thyroid gland, increases cell metabolism
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland as a result of ADH, raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
vasopressin
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by adrenal medulla
catecholamines
Hormones produced by adrenal cortex (as a group)
corticosteroids
Mineral salt found in blood and tissues
electrolyte
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, also anti-inflammatory
glucocorticoid
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
homeostasis
Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
hormone
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body
mineralocorticoid
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
receptor
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics
sex hormones
Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made
steroid
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
sympathomimetic
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
target tissue
Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to outside of the body
exocrine glands
How many parathyroid bodies are typically found on the posterior side of the thyroid
4
Islets of Langerhans produce: (2)
Insulin and glucagon
Controls secretions of the pituitary gland via releasing factors (hormones)
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus releases ___ as a result of stressors, which causes the anterior pituitary to release ____, causing the adrenal cortex to release ________.
CRH, ACTH, cortisol
T or F: the HPA Axis is a negative feedback loop
True
The reaction to excess production of thyroid hormone (what is the condition called?)
hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune disease often resulting in goiter and opthalmopathy
Graves’ disease
Multiple nodules on thyroid that develop late in life due to hyperthyroidism and are almost never malignant
Toxic multinodular goiter
Solitary nodule with autonomous function on thyroid that is almost always benign
Toxic uninodular goiter
Hyperthyroidism S&S (7)
-EXOPHTHALMOS
-sweating
-fatigue
-weakness
-increased appetite
-tachycardia
-weight loss
Life-threatening condition with extremely low TSH levels, can cause heart failure, fever, and mania
Thyroid Storm
Clinical state resulting from decreased circulating levels of free thyroid hormone from resistance to hormone action
Hypothyroidism
Ratio (female:male) of hypothyroidism
5-10:1
Hypothyroidism S&S (a million)
-Weakness
-Fatigue & lethargy
-Cold
-Memory loss
-Hearing impairment
-Constipation
-Arthralgias
-Modest weight gain
-Menorrhagia
-Depression
-Carpal tunnel syndrome
-Hoarseness
Hypothyroidism Tx
Thyroid hormone supplementation
Clinical state resulting from decreased circulating levels of free thyroid hormone or from resistance to hormone action (SEVERE)
Myxedema
Myxedema S&S (8)
-dry, coarse skin
-dull facial expression
-swollen hands and feet
-bradycardia
-hypothermia
-reduced body & scalp hair
-reduced systolic BP, increased diastolic BP
-macroglossia
Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
Cretinism
Cretinism leads to a lack of normal ________ and _____ growth
Physical and mental
Cretinism S&S in children (2)
-Obese
-Short & stocky
Cretinism Tx
Thyroid supplementation
Most common variety of thyroid carcinoma, associated with radiation exposure
papillary carcinoma
Papillary carcinoma makes up __-__% of thyroid tumors
60-70
T or F: papillary carcinoma has good prognosis
True
Thyroid carcinoma that usually occurs in females over 40 years of age
Follicular carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma makes up __-__% of thyroid tumors
10-20
Undifferentiated, aggressive thyroid tumor with very poor prognosis :(
Anaplastic tumor
Are medullary carcinomas common?
NO
Thyroid Carcinoma S&S (5)
-Painless, hard, fixed neck mass
-Hoarseness
-Dysphagia
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Dyspnea
Represents a loss in control of the body’s normal regulatory feedback mechanism on the parathyroid glands and their ability to maintain a normal serum calcium level
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes _______ to leave the bones and enter the bloodstream
calcium
T or F: Hyperparathyroidism leads to bones that are susceptible to fracture
True :(
Hyperparathyroidism S&S (3)
-Painful bones
-Renal stones
-Abdominal groans
Deficiency of PTH, manifested as hypocalcemia producing neuromuscular symptoms
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism S&S (6)
-Increased deep tendon reflexes
-Carpopedal spasm/twitching
-Chvostek’s sign
-Trousseau’s sign
-Paresthesias (tingling)
-Tetany (constant muscle contraction)
Hyperirritability of the facial nerve when tapped (like a reflex)
Chvostek’s Sign
Carpopedal spasm within 2 minutes of inflating a blood pressure cuff over systolic pressure
Trousseau’s sign
Excessive output of adrenal androgens that can be caused by a tumor in females
Adrenal Virilism
Adrenal Virilism S&S (4)
-amenorrhea
-hirsutism
-acne
-deepening voice
Clinical abnormalities associated with chronic exposure to excessive amounts of cortisol (using steroids)
Cushing Syndrome
Cushing Syndrome S&S (too many)
-moon faces (adiposity)
-increased adipose in neck and trunk
-emotional lability (instability)
-hypertension
-osteoporosis
-purple striae (stretch marks)
-glucose intolerance
-easy bruising
-muscle weakness
Adrenal hypofunction with inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (usually autoimmune)
Addison Disease
