Chapter 10 nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system is complex with ____________ nerve cells
A
10 billion
2
Q
The NS carries ______ messages
A
electrical
3
Q
The NS has _______ and _______ functions
A
involuntary
voluntary
4
Q
What are microscopic cells collected together into macroscopic structures that carry electrical messages?
A
nerves/neurons
5
Q
Two major NS divisions
A
CNS and PNS
6
Q
The CNS is composed of (2)
A
brain
spinal cord
7
Q
The PNS is composed of (4)
A
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
plexuses
Peripheral nerves
8
Q
______ nerves carry messages towards the brain
A
sensory
9
Q
____ nerves carry messages away from the brain
A
motor
10
Q
______ nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers
A
mixed
11
Q
What carries impulses from the CNS to the organs
A
ANS
12
Q
What nerves stimulate the body under stress
A
sympathetic
13
Q
What nerves balance the sympathetic system by slowing HR and lowering BP
A
Parasympathetic
14
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
A
12
15
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
A
31
16
Q
What is an individual nerve cell with dendrites, cell nucleus, and axon
A
neuron
17
Q
What covers around the axon (2)
A
myelin sheath
neurilemma
18
Q
What part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
A
terminal end fibers
19
Q
neurotransmitters transfer impulse across the _________ (gap at end)
A
synapse
20
Q
What are small clusters of nerve cell bodies called?
A
ganglia
21
Q
What cells maintain the health of the nervous system and do not transmit impulses?
A
Glial cells
22
Q
What are the 4 types of glial cells?
A
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendroglia
Ependymal Cells
23
Q
What is the largest section of the brain that manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought?
A
cerebrum
24
Q
The surface nerve cells of the cerebrum are called?
A
cerebral cortex
25
What part of the brain coordinates voluntary movement and maintains balance?
Cerebellum
26
What part of the brain integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
thalamus
27
What part of the brain controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, emotions hormones from the pituitary gland, and monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Hypothalamus
28
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
Pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
29
What are of the brainstem bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum with the rest of the brain
pons
30
What part of the brainstem houses nerves for face and eyes
pons
31
What part of the brainstem is the uppermost portion and contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with lower portions of the brain
midbrain
32
What part of the brainstem connects the spinal cord to the brain and nerve tracts from side to side?
medulla oblongata
33
What are the 3 things the medulla oblongata regulates?
blood vessels
heart
respiratory
34
What neurotransmitter chemical is released at ends of nerve cells (starts with letter a)
acetylcholine
35
What neurons carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory)
afferent
36
What is the middle layer of the meninges?
arachnoid mater
37
What are glial cells that transport water and salts from capillaries
astrocytes
38
What are nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
ANS
39
What are microscopic fibers that carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
40
What is the protective separation between the blood and brain cells the keeps substances (such as anticancer drugs) from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain
blood brain barrier
41
What is the posterior portion of the brain that connects that cerebrum with the spinal cord
brainstem
42
What is the microscopic fiber collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve sell
cauda equina
43
What is the part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
cell body
44
The brain and the spinal cord together make up the ________
CNS
45
What is the posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
cerebellum
46
What is the outer region of the cerebrum, that contains sheet of nerve cells; gray matter
cerebral cortex
47
What fluid circulates through the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
48
12 pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except vagus nerve)
cranial nerves
49
What is the microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, the first part to receive the nerve impulse
dendrite
50
What is the thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the CNS
dura mater
51
What neuron carries messages away from the CNS (motor)
efferent nerve
52
What are glial cells that lines the membranes within the CNS and help form CSF
ependymal cell
53
What is the collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
54
What is the supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses, that can reproduce itself
glial cells
55
What is the sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex, convolution
gyrus
56
What are the 3 protective membrane layers that surround that brain and spinal cord
meninges
57
What glial cells of phagocytic and remove wastes from the CNS
microglial cell
58
What is a glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
Oligodendrocytes
59
What are involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as HR, breathing, and GI muscles
Parasympathetic nervous
60
what is the essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system
parenchyma
61
What is the thin delicate inner membrane of the meninges
pia mater
62
A large interlacing network of nerves
plexus
63
What is the nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
Sciatic nerve
64
What are the 31 pairs arising from the spinal cord called
spinal nerves
65
An agent of change in internal or external environment that evokes a response
Stimulus
66
what is the connective and supporting tissue of an organ
stroma (stromal tissue)
67
What is the depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
sulcus
68
What are the autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntary in times of stress
sympathetic nerves
69
What is the main relay center of teh brain
thalamus
70
What is the 10th cranial nerve that branchs down into chest and abdomen
vagus nerve
71
What are the canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles of the brain
72
What is the abnormal accumulation of CSF fluid in the brain that causes enlarged head and small face
hydrocephalus
73
What is placed to remove pressure on the brain for hydrocephalus
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
74
Hydrocephalus can occur in adults from what 2 things?
infection
tumors
75
What condition is the incomplete closure of the vertebral column during embryogenesis, resulting in exposure of meninges and spinal cord
spina bifida
76
What are the 3 types of spina bifida
SB occulta
SB cystica with meningocele
SB cystica with myelomeningocele
77
What spina bifida is where the posterior vertebrae have not fused, so may see mole, simple, or patch of hair over area
SB occulta
78
What type of spina bifida has an external protruding sac containing meninges and CSF
SB cystica with meningocele
79
What type of Spina bifida has an external protruding sac with meninges, CSF, and spinal cord, often associated with paralysis and hydrocephalus
SB cystica with myelomeningocele
80
What are serious congenital anomalies of the NS, which occur during the first 4 weeks of gestation that result from faulty formation of the _________
neural tube
81
What is a environmental factor that is strongly associated with neural tube defects
folic acid deficiency
82
What is a chronic progressive disorder that causes progressive impairment of intellectual function that may compromise language and memory, behavior, and cognition
Alzheimer's Disease
83
Alzheimers disease accounts for ______% of all cases of dementia
>50%
84
The cause of alzheimers is ______
unknown
85
Alzheimers can be associated with a symptom of loss of expression also called
masked faces
86
What is a degenerative disease which affects the upper and lower motor neurons
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
87
ALS signs and symptoms
Debilitating motor functions
including difficulty walking, swallowing, atrophy
88
What is an abnormal paroxysmal neuronal discharge in the brain, which may cause a transient disturbance of cerebral function
Seizure
89
Seizures are classified as ______ or _______
partial or generalized
90
What seizures are limited to a part of a cerebral hemisphere and can be simple or complex
partial seizure
91
What are the 4 types of generalized seizures
absence (petit mal)
Febrile
Tonoclonic (grand mal)
Status epilepticus (prolonged and not stopping)
92
What is the condition of having seizures called?
epilepsy
93
After seizures (postictal) patients often have _______
weakness
94
What is contralateral postictal paralysis called
Todds paralysis
95
What is an inherited disease characterized by dementia and chorea that has a gradual onset and slow progress
Huntingtons disease
96
Huntington's disease symptoms typically dont develop until after what age
30
97
Huntingtons disease is autosomal dominant with a marker on chromosome ________
4
98
S/S of Huntington's (theres a million)
chorea
Dysphagia
dysarthria
mind impairment
Excretion incompetance
99
There is a cure for Huntintons (T/F)
F
100
What is an inflammatory progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord resulting in multiple neurological signs and symptoms?
Multiple Sclerosis
101
The cause of MS is known? (T/F)
F
102
What are risk factors for MS (4)
<55y/old, western European, possibly familial, immunologic basis
103
S/S of MS
weaknss
numbness
tingling
unsteadiness
spastic paraparesis
diplopia
disequillibrium
optic neuritis
----- WAX AND WANING
104
What is used to Dx MS
lesions on MRI
use LP
105
What is a disorder of the neuromuscular junction resulting in a pure motor syndrome characterized by weakness and fatigue of eyes, face, respiratory ect
myasthenia gravis
106
Myasthenia gravis is what kind of disorder
autoimmune
107
In Myasthenia gravis, Ab block the ability of _____ to transmit neural impulse from nerve to muscle cell
Acetylcholine
108
Myasthenia gravis peaks in what decade:
Females ___
Males ___
3rd
5th
109
S/S of Myasthenia gravis
ptosis
diplopia
facial weakness
chewing fatigue
dysphagia, phonia, arthria
weakness in limbs, neck, repiratory failure
110
What is a partial or complete loss of motor function called?
Palsy / paralysis
111
What palsy involved damage to the cerebrum during gestation/birth
cerebral palsy
112
What palsy is unilateral facial paralysis secondary to a problem with the facial nerve
Bells palsy
113
114
What is a chronic degenerative disease of basal ganglia , characterized by fine slowly spreading tremor, muscle weakness, shuffling gait, and postural instability
parkinsons
115
What is parkinsons also called
paralysis agitans
116
What are the causes of parkinsons (3)
unknown
associated dopamine depletion
exposure to toxins
117
Parkinsons S/S
masked facies
positive myerson sign ( blink from tapping nose)
Pill rolling resting tremor
shuffling gait
bradykinesia
118
What is a hereditary chronic neuromuscular disorder consisting of various motor and vocal tics
tourette syndrome
119
Tourettes tics stay the same all the time (T/F)
F
120
What is a disease usually presenting as a painful unilateral dermatomal eruption
Shingles (herpes Zoster)
121
Shingles is a reactivation of what dormant virus
Varicella zoster
122
S/S of shingles
Prodromal phase
-tingling
-itching
-boring knifelike pain
acute phase
- fatigue
-HA
-dermatomal rash
123
What is inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
124
What are causes of meningitis
viral, bacterial, or fungal infections
125
S/S of meningitis
HA
fever
sensorial disturbances
neck and back stiffness
positive kerning and Brudzinski sign
126
126
What Dx meningitis
CBC
blood culture
CXR
LP
----CT BEFORE LP if space occupying lesion
126
What is the most common type of brain tumor in adults, and most common cause of new onset seizure in middle age
glioblastoma
126
What are the two neurologic complications from the human immunodeficiency virus?
HIV encephalopathy and AIDS dementia
126
HIV complications can occur from HIV itself or other ________
opportunistic infections
127
128
Less than ______th glioblastoma patients survive >1 year
1/5
129
S/S of glioblastoma
hemiparesis
seizures
confusion
obtundation
HA
130
DX glioblastoma what two ways
CT or MRI
131
What is a benign brain tumor arising from arachnoid cells
meningiomas
132
Meningiomas are usually asymptomatic (T/F)
T
133
Meningiomas usually do not produce bone erosion (T/F)
T
134
What diagnoses meningiomas (2)
CT
MRI
135
What is traumatic damage to the brain where the patient has a loss of consciousness >2 minutes
CNS trauma
136
What injury may cause increased ICP, seizure, cerebral edema, and intracranial hematoma
cerebral injury
137
What is caused by a tear of the veins between the dura and arachnoid membrane, usually from blunt trauma
Subdural hematoma
138
Subdural hematoma S/S
change in mental status
Focal neurological signs
unreactive pupils with ophthalmoplegia
possible seizure
139
What is caused by a tear of the middle meningeal artery or venous sinus, between the skull and dura, after skull fracture
epidural hematoma
140
Epidural hematomas are lethal if ______
untreated
141
What is it called with epidural hematomas where there is a recovery followed by a progressive gradual decline until coma (what is the recovery called)
transient
142
Epidural hematomas show a __________ on CT and MRI
concave blood clot
143
What is a sudden developing neurological deficit usually related to impaired cerebral blood flow
stroke/ CVA
144
Stroke is the _______ leading cause of death in the US
3rd
145
What are causes of strokes
carotid atherosclerosis
hypercoagulable states
oral contraceptive
HTN
drugs
146
What are the 3 kinds of strokes
thrombotic
embolic
hemorrhagic
147
Risk factors for stroke include
7/8th decade
HTN
DM
hypercoagulable (smoker)
family Hx
148
What are neurological deficits caused by ischemia that lasts <24 hrs , usually less than 2 hours and are related to CVA
Transient cerebral ischemia
149
What are causes of TIA
embolus formation
cardiac causes
hematologic causes
150
TIA S/S
onset and abrupt
vertebrobasilar ischemia vs carotid artery ischemia
151
What is a severe reoccurring unilateral vascular headache
migraine
152
What are the 3 types of migraine
classic
common
basilar
153
Migraine POUND acronym
pulsatile,
onset abrupt
unilateral
N/V
Duration 4-72 hours
154
What is a clear colorless fluid formed within the ventricles of the brain
CSF
155
What produces 70% of CSF
choroid plexus
156
How much CSF is produced daily
500ml
157
how much CSF is present in the system at 1 time
90-150 ml
158
Where does reabsorption of CSF occur
arachnoid villi
159
Fxns of CSF
shock absorber
regulate ICP
supply nervous tissue nutrients
remove wastes
160
What is CSF removed with?
LP
161
What is Xray imaging of arterial blood vessels in the brain
cerebral angiography
162
Cerebral angiogrpahy injects contrast to Dx these 3 things
hemorrhage
aneurysm
occulsions
163
CT is better than MRI of the brain for acute hemorrhage and subarachnoid space (T/F)
T
164
CT is best after trauma for how long
1-3 days
165
MRI is better than CT for posterior fossa tumors and brain stem glioma (and tumors) (T/F)
T
166
MRI is the best for imaging the cervical ________
cord
167
What is a nuclear medicine technique that produces a 3D image of function processes in the body
PET scan
(Positron emission tomography)
168
PET scans detect pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by what?
Positron emitting radioisotope 1qa2az
169
PET scans get images of what kind of activity?
metabolic
170
What tests use sound waves to detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
Doppler/ultrasound studies
171
what are the 2 types of doppler studies
duplex carotid ultrasound
transcranial doppler
172
What test is a measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
173
What is a highly precise form of radiation therapy used primarily to treat tumors and other abnormalities of brain
stereotactic Radiosurgery
174
Stereotactic radiosurgery is actually non _____
surgical
175
Stereotactic radiosurgery can be used to treat what stroke causer in young people
arteriovenous malformation
