Chp 16 Skin Flashcards
how much does the skin weigh?
8-10 lbs
how many square feet does skin cover in avg adult
22 sq ft
what are the 5 main functions of the skin?
- provides protection
- lubrication and cooling
- receptor for sensations
- body temp maintained
- produces sweat and sebum
the outermost thin cellular membrane is known as
epidermis
the next layer of the skin made of dense fibrous connective tissue is known as
dermis
thick, fat containing tissue is known as
subcutaneous tissue
cells filled with the hard protein known as keratin is
hair
shaft that holds hair
hair follicle
what cell produces melanin pigment
melanocytes
hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers is known as
nails
sebacous and sweat are known as
glands
fat cell
adipocyte
person with skin deficient in pigment
albino
one of the largest dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas
apocrine sweat gland
deepest region of the epidermis, gives rise to all the epidermal cells
basal layer
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
collagen
band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
cuticle
middle layer of the skin
dermis
most numerous sweat producing exocrine gland in skin
eccrine sweat gland
outermost layer of the skin
epidermis
layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of body
epithelium
sac within which each hair grows
hair follicle
the skin and its accessory structures such as hair and nails
integumentary system
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails
keratin
half moon shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail
lanula
skin pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis
melanin
soft tissue surrounding the nail border
paronychium
tiny opening on the surface of the skin
pore
oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles
sebaceous gland
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
sebum
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
squamous epithelium
arranged in layers
straified
a layer (of cells)
stratum
outermost layer of the epidermis, consists of flattened keratinized cells
stratum corneum
innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue
subcutaneous layer
skin crust is dried residue of (3 things) and slight
- serum
- pus
- blood
skin crust is slightly _____ and the color _____
elevated, varies
what is fluid filled, encapsulated and located in the dermis or subcutaneous layer
cyst
what often appears like papules or nodules
cyst
what is the loss of superficial epidermis called?
erosion
what heals without scarring because it does not extend into the dermis
erosion
what is a linear crack in the skin/break in the epidermis to the dermis called? (can be dry or moist)
fissure
what are two examples of a fissure?
- cheilosis
- tinea pedis
what is a described as a small spot with just a color change, not palpable called?
macule
examples of macules include (5)
- freckle
- flat nevus
- hypopigmentation
- petechiae
- measles, scarlet fever
what is solid, elevated, can be a hard or soft lesion, larger than 0.5 cm, and may extend into deeper into the dermis called?
nodule
examples of a nodule (3)
- xanthoma
- fibroma
- intradermal nevus
what is something you can palpate, solid, elevated, circumscribed lesion that is less than 1cm called?
papule
examples of papules (2)
- lichen planus
- compound nevus
what is a turbid fluid in the cavity (pus), can be circumscribed and elevated and are tiny abscesses in the skin
pustule
examples of pustule (2)
- impetigo
- acne
what is characterized deeper loss of skin and may bleed and scar
ulcer
examples of ulcers (4)
- stasis ulcer
- venous insufficiency
- syphilitic chancre
- burns
what is an elevated cavity that is an accumulation of fluid between the upper layers of the skin producing an elevation covered by a translucent epithelium that is easily punctured to release the fluid
vesicle
example of vesicle (5)
- herpes simplex
- early varicella
- herpes zoster
- herpes simplex
- contact dermatitis
what is superficial, irregular shape due to edema of the skin
wheal
example of wheal
- mosquito bite
- allergic reaction
- dermographism
wheals are intensely _______ and can become ______
pruritic (itchy), urticaria (hives)
a condition that is patchy asymmetric balding that accompanies severe illness or use of chemotherapy
toxic alopecia
what condition is traction alopecia, linear or oval patch of hair loss along hair line due to trauma from hair rollers, tight braiding, or tight ponytail
traumatic alopecia
bruise underneath the skin that will be blueish-purple and can be from trauma or spontaneous
ecchymosis
what condition is characterized by tiny punctate hemorrhages less than 2mm, bleeding from superficial capillaries
petechia
petechia can be due to ______ _____ _____
abnormal clotting factors
petechia can be seen in skin and ____ ______
mucous membranes
pruritus means
itching
what is an inflammatory condition mostly affecting the face, resulting in comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and occasional scarring
acne
when is typical onset of acne
puberty, can be later too (menstrual cycle can increase incidence)
what is a thin walled, usually single chambered that ruptures easily and is filled with serous fluid
bulla
examples of bulla
- friction blister
- 2nd degree burns
- contact dermatitis
an autoimmune condition attacking cells below the epidermis and causes itchy, fluid filled blisters, occurs over 60
bullous pemphigoid
injury to tissue caused by heat contact
burns
superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, pain, NO blisters would be considered (what type of burn)
first-degree burn
epidermal and dermal lesions, erythema and blisters, PAIN and considered a partial thickness burn is called
second-degree burn
epidermis and dermis destroyed as well as subcutaneous layer, charred white tissue and known as a full-thickness burn is called
third-degree burn
inflammation of the cells, indicates acute spreading infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
cellulitis
signs and symptoms of cellulitis (4)
- pain
- erythema
- edema
- warmth
chronic, recurrent, pruritic inflammatory skin disorder primarily associated with a family or personal history of allergies
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
cause of eczema
unknown
signs and symptoms of eczema (3)
- pruritis
- lesions on face
- constant itching
treatment of eczema (2)
- cream
- avoiding offending organisms
what condition is a rash of the skin due to a viral infection. very common (esp in children)
exanthematous viral disease
examples of exanthematous viral disease
- varicella
- erythema infectiosum
- coxsackie virus
local death of soft tissue due to death or injury, associated with loss of blood supply
gangrene
what condition has increased risk of diabetes
gangrene
what condition is associated with pain, foul odor, dark skin, crepitation and is treated surgically?
gangrene
what is an infection caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci or staphylococcus aureus
impetigo
how does impetigo organisms enter and become an infection?
through damaged skin
how is impetigo spread
direct contact
what condition is also known as “honey-colored crusts”
impetigo
what is a chronic, recurrent skin disorder characterized by well-defined erythematous plaques with silvery scale
psoriasis
what are the most common places for psoriasis?
knees and elbow
what are other common things you see in psoriasis?
- pitting nails
- onycholysis (separate nail plate from nail bed)
what condition is a mite that is easily identified under a microscope and burrows in finger webs, flexor surfaces, elbows, axillary folds and causes intense pruritis and secondary infection
scabies
what is scabies treated with?
permethrin applied all over the body for 12 hours
what is a chronic progressive disease of the skin with hardening and shrinking of connective tissues?
scleroderma
is scleroderma more common in men or women?
women
what condition is commonly associated with a “butterfly” pattern rash on the face
systemic lupus erythematosus
what is a fungal infection of the skin (name changes dependent on location)
tinea _____ (corporis, pedis, pubis, capitis)
urticaria means
hives
what is an acute allergic reaction in which red round wheals develop on the skin and itching and swelling occurs
urticaria
angioedma means
swelling around the face
what condition is a complete loss of pigment in areas of the skin and is an autoimmune process against melanocytes
vitiligo
when does vitoligo often present?
second and third decades
is vitiligo slow or fast progressive
slow
what condition is increase growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction
callus
what is a hypertrophieed, thickened scar
Keloid
what demogrpahic is more prone to keloids?
African Americans
what is thickened and rough skin of the epidermis that is often seen with aging
keratosis
what are the two types of keratosis>
- Actinic Keratosis
- Seborrheic keratosis
what type of keratosis is from long term UV exposure
actinic
what type of keratosis is from overgrowth of upper epidermis (darker in color)
seborrheic keratosis
what is a pigmented lesion of the skin present at birth or acquired
nevus
what are painless tumors characterized by thickened epithelial area, mostly caused by HPV
Verruca (warts)
what is the most common type of wart?
Verruca Vulgaris
what is a plantars wart caused
Verruca Plantaris
what is a veneral wart called?
Condyloma acuminatum
what is the most common form of skin cancer, which arises from basal cells of the epidermis and its appendages
basal cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma is also known as a ______ ulcer
rodent
where does basal cell carcinoma typically appear (on the body)?
sun exposed areas (upper lip, ear lobes, hairline region)
is metastasis common or rare in basal cell carcinoma?
rare
what does the lesion look like in basal cell carcinoma?
shiny, slow-growing papule, pearly border and central ulcer
what is a malignant tymor of the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis
squamous cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma is associated with chronic _____ _______ in light skinned people
sun exposure
how do you treat squamous cell carcinoma
excision
what is an aggressive rapidly growing tumor originating from melanocytes or pigmented cells that can metastasize
malignant melanoma
what is the leading cause of death from skin disease?
malignant melanoma
what increases the risk of malignant melanoma?
blistering intermittent sunburn and intense sun exposure
what is a vascular tumor of the skin and viscera
kaposi sarcoma
what condition is characterized by red-blue violaceous tumors and associated with AIDS
Kaposi Sarcoma
ABCDE for melanoma
- A - asymmetry
- B - irregular borders
- C - color variation
- D - diameter larger than 6mm
- E - elevation
what form of surgery is best. suited in patietns with light skin and for treatment of lesions in most nonhair-bearing areas of the body
cyrosurgery
what type of skin lesions are suitable for cyrosurgery
- actinic keratosis
- solar lentigo
- seborrheic keratosis
- viral wart
- molluscum contagiosum
- dermatofibroma
what is the use of a sharp curette to scrape away skin lesion
curettage
what needs anesthesia to be done and should not be used on lesions with suspected malignancy
curettage
what is the use of electric spark to destroy skin lesions and is often combined with curette procedure
electrodesiccation
a procedure in which skin cancers are excised at a 45 degree angle with identification of residual tumors using light microscopy
mohs surgery
the mohs surgery provides total ______ control of the surgical margins, achieving the lowest _____ rate
histological, recurrence
a skin lesion that is either sampled or removed and evaluated microscopically by a pathologist
skin biopsy
an ______ skin biopsy is used to remove the entire lesion, full thickness and requires undermining and suture closure
excisional
what is the most sensitive test for allergies where a scratch is made in the skin with the allergen and the patient is observed for reaction
skin test
