Chp. 12 Respiratory System Flashcards
External respiration is the exchange of air in the ____ ___________
lung capillaries
List the 3 things that happen during external respiration
1: oxygen inhaled into air sacks of lung
2: oxygen passes into capillaries immediately
3: CO2 passes from capillaries into air sacs to be exhaled
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases in the _____
cells
List the 2 things that happen during internal respiration
1: oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into tissues
2: carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
What is: middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches
mediastinum
What is: structure that splits so each leads to a separate lung
bronchi
What is: two lobes that are not mirror images of each other (major organ lol)
lungs
What is: place where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit an organ
hilum
What is: lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx (pharyngeal tonsils)
adenoids
What is: air sack in the lung
alveolus
What is: tip or uppermost portion of the lung
apex of the lung
What is: lower portion of the lung
base of lung
What is: the smallest branches of the bronchi
bronchioles
What is: the branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung
bronchus
What is: gas produced by the body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine, then exhaled through the lungs
CO2
What is: thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract
cilia
What is: muscle separating the chest and abdomen, contracts to pull air into lungs, relaxes to push air out
diaphragm
What is: lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing
epiglottis
What is: breathing out
expiration
What is: slit-like opening to the larynx
glottis
What is: midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
hilum (of lung)
breathing in
inspiration
voice box, contains vocal chords
larynx
divison of lung
lobe
region between lungs in chest cavity, contains trachea/heart/lymph nodes/aorta/esophagus/bronchial tubes
mediastinum
opening through nose carrying air into nasal cavities
nares
gas that makes up 21% of air, passes into bloodstream at lungs and travels to all body cells
oxygen
one of a pair of almond shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharnyx
palatine tonsil
one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
paranasal sinuses
outer fold of pleura lying closer to ribs and chest wall
parietal pleura
the throat, including the naso/oro/laryngo-pharnyx,
pharynx
double folded membrane surrounding each lung
pleura
space between fold of pleura
pleural cavity
essential parts of lung responsible for respiration bronchioles and alveoli
pulmonary parenchyma
process of moving air into and out of lungs, breathing
respiration
windpipe =
trachea
inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
visceral pleura
subacute viral illness causing fever, hoarsness and BARKING hacking cough/CROWING noise (stridor). Occurs in children
croup
croup lasts how long and what time of day are symptoms usually worse?
5-6 days, night
croup occurs in kids ____ years old
1-3
nosebleed =
epistaxis
what is the most common location and cause for epistaxis
location: Anterior at Kesselbach’s plexus
Cause: trauma
what does bleeding usually respond to in epistaxis?
pressure
also known as whooping cough, high communicable respiratory bacterial infection caused by Bordatella pertussis
Pertussis
what type of cough is produced in pertussis?
paroxysmal spasmodic cough with prolonged inspiratory high pitched whoop/crow
how is pertussis transmitted? How long is the incubation period?
Direct Contact, 3 weeks
REVERSIBLE airway disease caused by hyperresponsiveness of alveoli to a variety of stimuli to which the airway becomes obstructed by inflammation/mucus/edema
asthma
asthma can be associated with _____ sensitivity and nasal _____
Aspirin, polyps
what are the “types” of asthma (what induces it) (5)
- Occupational
- Cardiac
- Drug induced
- Exercise induced
- GERD
S/S Asthma
- Diffuse wheezing
- dry/chronic cough
- tightness in chest
- dyspnea
- prolonged expirations
all wheezes are NOT ______ and all asthmatics do not _____
asthma, wheeze
asthma is classified based on ____ and _____ of symptoms
- severity
- frequency
Tx Asthma (3)
- Short Acting Bronchodilator
- Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Long acting Bronchodilator
chronic IRREVERSIBLE abnormal dilation of bronchi, usually accompanied by infection and productive cough
Bronchiectasis
what disease is characterized by large, MALODOROUS volumes of sputum (YUCK!)
bronchiectasis
S/S Bronchiectasis (8)
- cough
- sputum
- hemoptysis
- wheezing
- coarse/moist RALES
- Cyanosis
- Clubbing
- Barrel Chest
acute, progressive inflammation of the bronchioles usually seen in kids and occasionally in high-risk adults
bronchiolitis
can be seasonal and often occurs during epidemics (most common cause is RSV)
Bronchiolitis
Risk factors of Bronchiolitis (4)
- day care
- heart/lung transplant
- Immunocompromised state
- exposure to toxic fumes
S/S Bronchiolitis
- expiratory wheezes
- intercostal retractions
- fever
- cough
- grunting
- tachypnea/cardia
- cyanosis
- anorexia
excessive productive cough for 3 months over at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other diseases that produce similar symptoms
chronic bronchitis
who does chronic bronchitis usually affect (age)
people over 35
people with chronic bronchitis are also called
blue bloaters
chronic bronchitis is one component of
COPD
cause of chronic bronchitis
- cig smoking
- environment pollutant/fumes
S/S chronic bronchitis
- productive cough
- copious sputum production
- intermittent difficulty breathing
- wheezing / rhonchi
- overweight
pink puffer vs blue bloater
emphysema vs chronic bronchitis
characterized by enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles associated with alveolar wall destruction
emphysema
S/S emphysema (6)
- mild cough
- progressive dyspnea
- hypertrophic accessory muscles of respiration
- barrel chest
- hyper resonant to percussion
- prolonged expiratory phase
most important cause of emphysema
cigarette smoking
other causes of emphysema (5)
- genetic
- environment
- occupational
- allergy
- infection
autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children and young adults resulting in thick mucous secretions. Widespread dysfunction of exocrine glands
Cystic Fibrosis
Characteristics of Cystic Fibrosis (5)
- chronic pulmonary disease
- pancreatic insufficiency
- abnormally high levels of electrolytes
- less frequently biliary cirrhossis
- DM
what is the most common lethal genetic disease
cystic fibrosis
how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed through
- genetic testing
- newborn blood test
- sweat chloride test
most males with cystic fibrosis are
infertile
lung collapse, incomplete expansion of alveoli. commonly occurs after surgery
atelectasis
what type of atelectasis has tachypnea, cough, hypoxia, dull to percussion, decreased chest expansion
large
what type of atelectasis is often asymptomatic
small
central location, sensitive to chemo, surgery NOT indicated, poor prognosis
small cell lung cancer
most of lung cancers, include squamous, large cell, adenocarcinoma, poor response to chemo, treated with surgery if early surgery, prognoses varies
non-small cell lung cancere
leading cause of cancer death
lung cancer
most causative factor in development of lung cancer
smoking
etiology of lung CA
smoking, second hand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, arsenic, nickel, genetic
infection of lung parenchyma affects to lower resp tract, viral (kids) or bacterial
pneumonia
S/S pneumonia (7)
- fever
- productive cough
- purulent sputum
- dyspnea
- shaking chills
- wheezing
- rales
infection of the lung resulting from materials aspirated through airway to lung affecting the superior segment of the lower and posterior seg of upper lobe most frequently
pulmonary abcess
S/S pulmonary abscess (4)
- productive cough
- foul smelling sputum
- decreased breath sounds
- dullness over affected lung area
cause of pulmonary abcess
- peridontal disease
- foreign body obstruction
- immunocompromised state
risk factors pulmonary abcess
LOC, CNS, Seizures, general anesthesia
S/S pulmonary abscess
acute onset
fever
malaise
anorexia
weight
swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles often seen with CHF
Pulmonary Edema
S/S pulm edema
SOB, DOE, PND, orthopnea, cough, pink frothy sputum, moist rales, tachycardia, air hunger, noisy resps
infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis usually affects lungs
TB
S/S TB
cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, malaise, adenopathy, pleuritic CP
accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space resulting from underlying disease
pleural effusion
S/S pleural effusion
pleuritic CP, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds and tactile fremitus, dullness to percussion tracheal deviation
transudate pleural effusion (5)
CHF, Cirrhosis of liver, end stage kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, myxedema
exudate pleural effusion
cancer, pnuemonia, infection, PE, chronic pancreatita
inflammation of pleura charateriszed by sharp localized pain, coughing sneezing or breathing
pleurisy
cause of pleurisy
viral, pneumonia, empyema, TB, uremia, cancer of pleura, collagen, vascular disease
S/S pleurisy
sudden stabbing CP, increased by deep breathing or sneezing rapid or shallow breathing, resp excursion, pleural friction rub
accumulation of free air between visceral and parietal pleural layers
pneumothorax
S/S pneumothorax
depends on size, sudden sharp chest pain on affected side, dyspnea
primary pneumothorax is common in young
Males
tension pnuemothorax characterized by
tachycardia, hypotension, tracheal deviation
large pneumothorax
diminished breath sounds, decreased tactile fremitus, hyperoresonance
nuclear scan that studies both airflow and blood flow in lungs
ventilation perfusion scan
____ is used in mathematical equations that calculate airflow and blood flow
VQ
purpse of ventilation perfusion scan
look for blood clot in lungs
procedure which hollow/flexible tube is inserted into the airways to allow visualization into lower airways and to collect specimens
bronchoscopy
tube into trachea
endotracheal tube
view inside the larynx
laryngoscopy
puncture of chest wall for extraction of pleural fluid
thoracentesis (diagnostic TC is to figure out why, therapeutic is to relieve fluid)
used with undiagnosed focal or diffuse pulmonary issues
thoracotomy
insertion of endoscope through small incision in chest wall (VATS)
thorascopy
(video assisted thorascopy
incision into trachea that forms temp or permanent opening
tracheostomy
test to detect presence of TB
Tuberculin test (PPD)
surgical insertion of hollow flexible drainage tube into the chest to drain blood air and allow full expansion
tube throacostomy
