Chp. 12 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
External respiration is the exchange of air in the ____ ___________
A
lung capillaries
2
Q
List the 3 things that happen during external respiration
A
1: oxygen inhaled into air sacks of lung
2: oxygen passes into capillaries immediately
3: CO2 passes from capillaries into air sacs to be exhaled
3
Q
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases in the _____
A
cells
4
Q
List the 2 things that happen during internal respiration
A
1: oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into tissues
2: carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
5
Q
What is: middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches
A
mediastinum
6
Q
What is: structure that splits so each leads to a separate lung
A
bronchi
7
Q
What is: two lobes that are not mirror images of each other (major organ lol)
A
lungs
8
Q
What is: place where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit an organ
A
hilum
9
Q
What is: lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx (pharyngeal tonsils)
A
adenoids
10
Q
What is: air sack in the lung
A
alveolus
11
Q
What is: tip or uppermost portion of the lung
A
apex of the lung
12
Q
What is: lower portion of the lung
A
base of lung
13
Q
What is: the smallest branches of the bronchi
A
bronchioles
14
Q
What is: the branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung
A
bronchus
15
Q
What is: gas produced by the body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine, then exhaled through the lungs
A
CO2
16
Q
What is: thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract
A
cilia
17
Q
What is: muscle separating the chest and abdomen, contracts to pull air into lungs, relaxes to push air out
A
diaphragm
18
Q
What is: lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing
A
epiglottis
19
Q
What is: breathing out
A
expiration
20
Q
What is: slit-like opening to the larynx
A
glottis
21
Q
What is: midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
A
hilum (of lung)
22
Q
breathing in
A
inspiration
23
Q
voice box, contains vocal chords
A
larynx
24
Q
divison of lung
A
lobe
25
region between lungs in chest cavity, contains trachea/heart/lymph nodes/aorta/esophagus/bronchial tubes
mediastinum
26
opening through nose carrying air into nasal cavities
nares
27
gas that makes up 21% of air, passes into bloodstream at lungs and travels to all body cells
oxygen
28
one of a pair of almond shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharnyx
palatine tonsil
29
one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
paranasal sinuses
30
outer fold of pleura lying closer to ribs and chest wall
parietal pleura
31
the throat, including the naso/oro/laryngo-pharnyx,
pharynx
32
double folded membrane surrounding each lung
pleura
33
space between fold of pleura
pleural cavity
34
essential parts of lung responsible for respiration bronchioles and alveoli
pulmonary parenchyma
35
process of moving air into and out of lungs, breathing
respiration
36
windpipe =
trachea
37
inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
visceral pleura
38
subacute viral illness causing fever, hoarsness and BARKING hacking cough/CROWING noise (stridor). Occurs in children
croup
39
croup lasts how long and what time of day are symptoms usually worse?
5-6 days, night
40
croup occurs in kids ____ years old
1-3
41
nosebleed =
epistaxis
42
what is the most common location and cause for epistaxis
location: Anterior at Kesselbach's plexus
Cause: trauma
43
what does bleeding usually respond to in epistaxis?
pressure
44
also known as whooping cough, high communicable respiratory bacterial infection caused by Bordatella pertussis
Pertussis
45
what type of cough is produced in pertussis?
paroxysmal spasmodic cough with prolonged inspiratory high pitched whoop/crow
46
how is pertussis transmitted? How long is the incubation period?
Direct Contact, 3 weeks
47
REVERSIBLE airway disease caused by hyperresponsiveness of alveoli to a variety of stimuli to which the airway becomes obstructed by inflammation/mucus/edema
asthma
48
asthma can be associated with _____ sensitivity and nasal _____
Aspirin, polyps
49
what are the "types" of asthma (what induces it) (5)
1. Occupational
2. Cardiac
3. Drug induced
4. Exercise induced
5. GERD
50
S/S Asthma
1. Diffuse wheezing
2. dry/chronic cough
3. tightness in chest
4. dyspnea
5. prolonged expirations
51
all wheezes are NOT ______ and all asthmatics do not _____
asthma, wheeze
52
asthma is classified based on ____ and _____ of symptoms
1. severity
2. frequency
53
Tx Asthma (3)
1. Short Acting Bronchodilator
2. Inhaled Corticosteroids
3. Long acting Bronchodilator
54
chronic IRREVERSIBLE abnormal dilation of bronchi, usually accompanied by infection and productive cough
Bronchiectasis
55
what disease is characterized by large, MALODOROUS volumes of sputum (YUCK!)
bronchiectasis
56
S/S Bronchiectasis (8)
1. cough
2. sputum
3. hemoptysis
4. wheezing
5. coarse/moist RALES
6. Cyanosis
7. Clubbing
8. Barrel Chest
57
acute, progressive inflammation of the bronchioles usually seen in kids and occasionally in high-risk adults
bronchiolitis
58
can be seasonal and often occurs during epidemics (most common cause is RSV)
Bronchiolitis
59
Risk factors of Bronchiolitis (4)
1. day care
2. heart/lung transplant
3. Immunocompromised state
4. exposure to toxic fumes
60
S/S Bronchiolitis
1. expiratory wheezes
2. intercostal retractions
3. fever
4. cough
5. grunting
6. tachypnea/cardia
7. cyanosis
8. anorexia
61
excessive productive cough for 3 months over at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other diseases that produce similar symptoms
chronic bronchitis
62
who does chronic bronchitis usually affect (age)
people over 35
63
people with chronic bronchitis are also called
blue bloaters
64
chronic bronchitis is one component of
COPD
65
cause of chronic bronchitis
1. cig smoking
2. environment pollutant/fumes
66
S/S chronic bronchitis
1. productive cough
2. copious sputum production
3. intermittent difficulty breathing
4. wheezing / rhonchi
5. overweight
67
pink puffer vs blue bloater
emphysema vs chronic bronchitis
68
characterized by enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles associated with alveolar wall destruction
emphysema
69
S/S emphysema (6)
1. mild cough
2. progressive dyspnea
3. hypertrophic accessory muscles of respiration
4. barrel chest
5. hyper resonant to percussion
6. prolonged expiratory phase
70
most important cause of emphysema
cigarette smoking
71
other causes of emphysema (5)
1. genetic
2. environment
3. occupational
4. allergy
5. infection
72
autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children and young adults resulting in thick mucous secretions. Widespread dysfunction of exocrine glands
Cystic Fibrosis
73
Characteristics of Cystic Fibrosis (5)
1. chronic pulmonary disease
2. pancreatic insufficiency
3. abnormally high levels of electrolytes
4. less frequently biliary cirrhossis
5. DM
74
what is the most common lethal genetic disease
cystic fibrosis
75
how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed through
1. genetic testing
2. newborn blood test
3. sweat chloride test
76
most males with cystic fibrosis are
infertile
77
lung collapse, incomplete expansion of alveoli. commonly occurs after surgery
atelectasis
78
what type of atelectasis has tachypnea, cough, hypoxia, dull to percussion, decreased chest expansion
large
79
what type of atelectasis is often asymptomatic
small
80
central location, sensitive to chemo, surgery NOT indicated, poor prognosis
small cell lung cancer
81
most of lung cancers, include squamous, large cell, adenocarcinoma, poor response to chemo, treated with surgery if early surgery, prognoses varies
non-small cell lung cancere
82
leading cause of cancer death
lung cancer
83
most causative factor in development of lung cancer
smoking
84
etiology of lung CA
smoking, second hand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, arsenic, nickel, genetic
85
infection of lung parenchyma affects to lower resp tract, viral (kids) or bacterial
pneumonia
86
S/S pneumonia (7)
1. fever
2. productive cough
3. purulent sputum
4. dyspnea
5. shaking chills
6. wheezing
7. rales
87
infection of the lung resulting from materials aspirated through airway to lung affecting the superior segment of the lower and posterior seg of upper lobe most frequently
pulmonary abcess
88
S/S pulmonary abscess (4)
1. productive cough
2. foul smelling sputum
3. decreased breath sounds
4. dullness over affected lung area
89
cause of pulmonary abcess
1. peridontal disease
2. foreign body obstruction
3. immunocompromised state
90
risk factors pulmonary abcess
LOC, CNS, Seizures, general anesthesia
91
S/S pulmonary abscess
acute onset
fever
malaise
anorexia
weight
92
swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles often seen with CHF
Pulmonary Edema
93
S/S pulm edema
SOB, DOE, PND, orthopnea, cough, pink frothy sputum, moist rales, tachycardia, air hunger, noisy resps
94
infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis usually affects lungs
TB
95
S/S TB
cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, malaise, adenopathy, pleuritic CP
96
accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space resulting from underlying disease
pleural effusion
97
S/S pleural effusion
pleuritic CP, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds and tactile fremitus, dullness to percussion tracheal deviation
98
transudate pleural effusion (5)
CHF, Cirrhosis of liver, end stage kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, myxedema
99
exudate pleural effusion
cancer, pnuemonia, infection, PE, chronic pancreatita
100
inflammation of pleura charateriszed by sharp localized pain, coughing sneezing or breathing
pleurisy
101
cause of pleurisy
viral, pneumonia, empyema, TB, uremia, cancer of pleura, collagen, vascular disease
102
S/S pleurisy
sudden stabbing CP, increased by deep breathing or sneezing rapid or shallow breathing, resp excursion, pleural friction rub
103
accumulation of free air between visceral and parietal pleural layers
pneumothorax
104
S/S pneumothorax
depends on size, sudden sharp chest pain on affected side, dyspnea
105
primary pneumothorax is common in young
Males
106
tension pnuemothorax characterized by
tachycardia, hypotension, tracheal deviation
107
large pneumothorax
diminished breath sounds, decreased tactile fremitus, hyperoresonance
108
nuclear scan that studies both airflow and blood flow in lungs
ventilation perfusion scan
109
____ is used in mathematical equations that calculate airflow and blood flow
VQ
110
purpse of ventilation perfusion scan
look for blood clot in lungs
111
procedure which hollow/flexible tube is inserted into the airways to allow visualization into lower airways and to collect specimens
bronchoscopy
112
tube into trachea
endotracheal tube
113
view inside the larynx
laryngoscopy
114
puncture of chest wall for extraction of pleural fluid
thoracentesis (diagnostic TC is to figure out why, therapeutic is to relieve fluid)
115
used with undiagnosed focal or diffuse pulmonary issues
thoracotomy
116
insertion of endoscope through small incision in chest wall (VATS)
thorascopy
(video assisted thorascopy
117
incision into trachea that forms temp or permanent opening
tracheostomy
118
test to detect presence of TB
Tuberculin test (PPD)
119
surgical insertion of hollow flexible drainage tube into the chest to drain blood air and allow full expansion
tube throacostomy
