Ch 20 Rad and Nuc med Flashcards
what is the medical specialty concerned with the study of x rays and other technologies to produce and interpret images of the human body for diagnosis of disease?
radiology
invisible waves of energy are called
x rays
the use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis of disease is called
nuclear medicine
what are 6 characteristics of x rays
- expose photographic plates
- penetrate substances
- invisible
- travel in straight lines
- scatter
- ionization
what type of x ray uses digital x rays detectors instead of photographic film
digital radiography
what are the two forms of contrast studies?
Barium Sulfate and Iodine Compounds
Barium Sulfate contrast studies look at (what parts of the body)
upper and lower GI
Iodine Compound contrast studies include what type of tests (give a few examples)
- angiography
- arthography
- cholangiography
what are 3 divisions of x ray studies?
- digital radiography
- computed tomography (CT)
- Contrast Studies
posteroanterior view would be
posterior source to anterior detector
anteroposterior view would be
anterior source to posterior detector
in left lateral view, source at right of patient, to detector at left of patient would be what view
lateral view
source slanting direction at angle from perpendicular plane would be what view
oblique view
movement away from midline
abduction
movement toward midline
adduction
turning outward
eversion
lengthening or straightening a flex limb
extension
bending a part of the body
flexion
lying down on the side
decubitus
lying on the belly (face down)
prone
lying down (prone or supine)
recumbent
lying on the back (face up)
supine
what is included in radionuclides?
- alpha particles
- beta particles
- gamma rays
what are two nuclear medicine tests?
- In vitro (test tube)
- in vivo (in the body)
the half life of the nuclear medicine particle is the time required to lose half of its ________
radioactivity
what is an example of an in vitro procedure?
analysis of blood and urine (radioimmunoassay)
what uses radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect hormones and drugs in the patient’s blood
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
what is an example of an in vivo procedure?
when giving a radioactive substance directly into the body to evaluate organ function / image
what are the procedures that use radionuclides? (8)
- bone scan
- lymphoscintigraphy
- PET scan
- CT scan
- single photon emission computed technology (SPECT)
- Technetium Tc-99m sestaimbi scan
- Thallium scan
- Thyroid scan
PET scan stands for
Positron emission tomography
in a PET scan, _______ are used instead of contrast x-rays
radioisotopes (emission of positrons)
PET scans use ______ ______ to get radioisotopes into the body
IV injection
in a PET scan the radioisotopes ______ where the metabolism occurs
concentrates
what is a PET scan useful in treating? (5)
- stroke
- epilepsy
- Alzheimer’s
- Brain tumor
- Abd or Pulm Malignancies
what does SPECT stand for?
single-photon emission computed tomography
what is IV injected in SPECT?
radioactive tracer
what are the types of imaging in SPECT (how do they look?)
3-D computer reconstructed images based on many views taken
what does SPECT detect? (3)
- liver tumors
- cardiac ischemia
- disease of bone and spine
diagnostic x ray procedure that produces a cross sectional image of a specific body segment
computed tomography (CT)
radiopaque materials are injected to obtain with surrounding tissue when shown on x ray film
contrast studies
machine to detect gamma rays emitted from radiopharmaceuticals
gamma camera
high energy rays emitted by radioactive substances in tracer substances
gamma rays
time required for a radioactive substance to lose half its radioactivity by disintegration
half life
therapeutic or diagnostic procedures performed by a radiologist
interventional radiology
process, test, or procedure performed, measured or observed outside a living organism
in vitro
process, test, or procedure is performed, measured or observed within a living organism
in vivo
transformation of electrically neutral substances into electrically charged particles
ionization
use of magnetic field and radio waves to produce sagittal coronal, and axial images of the body
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
medical specialty that studies uses of radioactive substances in diagnosis of disease
nuclear medicine
use of positon-emitting radioactive substances given intravenously to create a cross sectional image of cellular metabolism
positron emission tomography
test that combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect minute quantites of substances in a patients blood
radioimmunoassay
radioactive form of an element; radionuclide
radioisotope
radiopharmaceutical, used in nuclear medicine studies
radio-labeled compound
medical specialty concerned with the study of x rays and their use in diagnosis of disease
radiology
permitting the passage of x rays
radiolucent
radioactive form of an element, radioisotope
radionuclide
obstructing the passage of x rays
radiopaque
radioactive drug used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
radiopharmaceutical
image of an area, organ, or tissue of the body obtained from ultrasound, radioactive tracer studies, CT, MRI
scan
diagnostic nuclear medicine test using radiopharmaceuticals and gamma cameras to create images
scintigraphy
radioactive tracer is injected intravenously and a computer reconstructs a 3D image based on a composite of many views
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
attaching a radionuclide to a chemical and following its path in the body
tagging
use of radionuclide tags attached to chemicals and followed as they travel through the bdoy
tracer studies
diagnostic technique that projects and retrieves high frequency sound waves as they echo off body parts
ultrasonography
handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals
ultrasound transducer
rate of absorption of a radionuclide into an organ or tissue
uptake
ventilation and perfusion of a radiopharmaceutical followed by imaging its passage through the respiratory tract
ventilation-perfusion studies
what is a new speciality which treats patients using minimally invasive techniques usually as an alternative to traditional surgery
interventional radiology
interventional radiology is known as ______ surgery
pinhole
in some types of atoms, the nucleus is _____ and will ____ into a more stable atom
unstable and will decay
is radioactive decay spontaneous?
yes
what are the 3 possible particles an unstable nucleus will give off when it decays?
- alpha particle
- beta particle
- gamma ray
what is a substance that gives off high energy particles or rays as it disintegrates
radionuclide
a nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown done to evaluate bone damage and detect cancer that has metastasized
bone scan
a nuclear medicine test used to locate lymph nodes and identify the spread of cancer
lymphoscintigraphy
lympgoscintigraphy is also sued to locate _____ for surgical removal and used to diagnose _________
locate: sentinel nodes
diagnose: lymph system disease conditions
what scan combines PET and CT techniques to have a more accurate image
PET-CT scan
PET-MRI scan would be used in fields of (3)
- onc
- cardio
- neuro
a test that uses a radioactive substances to produce images of heart muscle, useful in diagnosing CAD
99M technetium sestamibi scan (Cardiolite)
thallium scans are used mainly for
evaluating areas of heart that have been infarcted or scarred
what type of scan is when radioactive iodine is given orally and then the thyroid is scanned to determine size and shape of glands
thyroid scan
hyper-functioning thyroid modules accumulate more radioactivity =
hot spots
thyroid cancer does not concentrate the activity and is seen as
cold spots
