Chapter 17 sense organs Flashcards
1
Q
What is the normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near?
A
Accommodation
2
Q
What is the area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris
A
Anterior chamber
3
Q
What is the fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in anterior chamber?
A
Aqueous humor
4
Q
What term means consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly (like lens of eye)
A
Biconvex
5
Q
What is the middle vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
A
Choroid
6
Q
What is the structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris that controls the shape of the lens and secretes aqueous humor
A
Ciliary body
7
Q
What is a photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse, and is responsible for color and central vision
A
Cone
8
Q
What is the delicate membrane that lines the undersurface of eyelids and covers anterior eyeball
A
Conjunctiva
9
Q
What is the fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball
A
Cornea
10
Q
What is the tiny depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
A
Fovea centralis
11
Q
What is the posterior inner part of the eye
A
Fundus of the eye
12
Q
What is the pigmented layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye
A
Iris
13
Q
What is the transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye
A
Lens
14
Q
What is the yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc
A
Macula
15
Q
What is the point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
A
Optic chiasm
16
Q
What is the region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina, blind spot
A
Optic disc
17
Q
What is the cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain?
A
Optic nerve
18
Q
What is the central opening of the eye surrounded by the Ir is which light rays pass?
A
Pupil
19
Q
What is the bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
A
Refraction
20
Q
What is the light sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells
A
Retina
21
Q
What are photoreceptor cells of the retina that are essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
A
Rod
22
Q
What is the tough white outer coat of the eyeball
A
Sclera
23
Q
What is the relay center of the brain
A
Thalamus
24
Q
What is the soft jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber
A
Vitreous humor
25
What is the inability of the eye to produce a focused image on the fovea or central part of The retina
Astigmatism
26
When the cornea is steeper in one meridian more than the other or the globe is not round, what occurs?
Visual blurriness
27
What is farsightedness, where the light focuses behind the retina, because a short eyeball or the refractive power of the lens is too tweak
Hyperopia (hypermetropia)
28
What is nearsightedness where the eyeball is too long, or the refractive power of the lens is so strong that light rays do not properly focus on the retina
Myopia
29
In myopia, light rays are focused where on the retina?
In front of
30
"My" means to what in Greek?
Shut
(bc you peer through half closed eyelids aka squint)
(aka leanna and hudson)
31
What is the impairment of vision as a result of age?
presbyopia
32
What is dependent on the inherent elasticity of the lens and is gradually lost as people age with presyopia
focusing power of the eye
33
What age do people notice they have presbyopia and what activity do they do to realize
45
hold things further away to read small print
34
What is inflammation of the eyelid causing scaling, crusting, flaking, and erythema of lid margins
blepharitis
35
what do you treat blepharitis with
baby shampoo
36
What is an opacity of the lens that usually occurs bilaterally
cataract
37
What is the most common cause of curable blindness in the world
cataracts
38
An opaque central area of the lens is called a
nuclear cataract
39
A cataract that involves the posterior part of the lens is called
posterior subscapular cataract
40
What is the most common cause of cataracts
senile cataract
41
S/S of cataracts
frequent glasses change
vision loss
blurred vision
glare
myopia
lens opacity
42
What is a generally painless slowly enlarging nodule on the eyelid formed by inflammation of glands
chalazion
43
A deep chalazion is formed by inflammation of the?
meibomian glands
44
A superficial chalazion is formed by inflammation of the?
Zeis sebaceous glands
45
What is pathological changed of the retina caused by systemic disease including weaking of the retinal vessels that causes microaneurysms, neovascularization, hemorrhage, retinal deposits, and edema
diabetic retinopahty
46
Management of diabetic retinopathy includes what 3 things
optimal control of glucose
yearly eye exams
laser photocoagulation
47
What causes increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve damage, leading to impaired vision that progresses to complete blindness
glaucoma
48
Glaucoma is diagnosed by what that measures IOP
tonometry
49
What is the most common type of glaucoma (90%) that involves a progressive increase in IOP resulting in optic atrophy with vision loss, typically painless and often asymptomatic
open angle glaucoma
50
Tx for open angle glaucoma
medication
laser therapy (trabeculoplasty)
51
What is a localized infection or inflammation of the eyelid margin involving hair follicles or the eyelashes (external) or meibomian glands (internal)
hordeolum (stye)
52
What bacteria often causes a stye
staphylococcus
53
what is drooping of the upper lid margin that can be a result from neuromuscular problems or trauma
ptosis
54
What is the separation between the pigmented and sensory portions of the retina
retinal detachment
55
Retinal detachment is most common in ages greater than ...
50
56
in Retinal detachment, the ________ area is the most common site of detachment
superior temporal
57
What are the 2 casues of Retinal detachment
trauma
spontaneous
58
S/S of Retinal detachment (4)
curtain
blurred vision
flashes (photopsia)
floaters (entopsia)
59
How do you manage Retinal detachment
immediate ophthalmologic referral
60
What disease is progressive damage to the macula of the retina and is the leading cause of irreversible, severe visual loss in persons over 65 years of age
-- loss of central vision
macular degeneration
61
What type of macular degeneration is atrophy and degeneration with clumps of extracellular debris (drusen)
dry
62
what type of macular degeneration is neovascularization and leaky blood vessels
Wet
63
What type of macular degeneration is more common?
dry -- 85%
64
What is repetitive rhythmic movement of one or both eyes (vertical or horizontal)
nystagmus
65
What are 3 causes of nystagmus
brain tumor
inner ear problems
normal in newborns
66
What is the abnormal deviation of the eye due to muscle weakness, also known as a "squint"
strabismus
67
Inward deviation of the eye is also called...
esotropia
68
outward deviation of the eye is also called...
exotropia
69
upward deviation of the eye is also called...
hypertrophia
70
downward deviation of the eye is also called...
hypotropia
71
What is the management of strabismus (3)
corrective lens
occlusion of good eye to force other eye to develop
-early surgery
72
What is raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid caused by aa lipid disorder
xanthelasma
73
What is the exam of the back part of the eyeball (fundus), which includes the retina, optic disc, choroid, and blood vessels
ophthalmoscopy
74
What is the surgical removal of the eyeball from its orbit called
enucleation
75
Enucleation is used to treat _____ and if there's a blind eye that is painful
tumors
76
what is a procedure that shapes the cornea permanently using an excimer laser
LASIK
77
What kind of knife cuts a flap in the Cornea during LASIK
microkeratome
78
Anatomy and Physiology of the ear:
what receives sound waves
where do sound waves travel to
Where do sound vibrations reach
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
79
What is the projecting flap of the outer ear
auricle and pinna
80
What is the auditory canal also called
external auditory meatus
81
What 2 structures help with balance and equilibrium
vestibule and semicircular canals
82
What is the channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum
auditory canal
83
What carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain
auditory nerve fibers
84
What is the channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx (Eustachian tube)
auditory tube
85
What is the flap of the ear
auricle
86
What is the waxy substance secreted by the external ear
cerumen
87
What is a snailshaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear
cochlea
88
What is the fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
endolymph
89
What is the second ossicle of the middle ear
incus
90
What is the maze-like series of canals of the inner ear
labyrinth
91
first ossicle of the middle ear
malleus
92
What is the sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
organ of corti
93
small bone of the ear
ossicle
94
membrane between the middle ear and inner ear
oval window
95
fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear (p one)
perilymph
96
Passages in the inner ear associated with maintained equillibrium
semicircular canals
97
third ossicle of the middle ear
stapes
98
what is the eardrum aslo called
tympanic membrane
99
what is the central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea
vestibule
100
What is a tumor arising from schwann cells of the 8th cranial nerve
acoustic neuroma
101
Sx of acoustic neuroma
unilateral hearing loss and neurological finding when tumor compresses cerebellum, pons, or facial nerve
102
What is a collection of skin cells and cholesterol within the middle ear where perforations of the TM can be seen
cholesteatoma
103
cholesteatoma can occur from chronic instance of what other condition
otitis media
104
What are the 2 types of deafness
sensorineural
conductive
105
What type of deafness involves nerve deafness and impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve
sensorineural
106
What type of deafness involves impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes responsible for transmitting sounds
conductive
107
What condition is an inner ear disorder in which there is an increase in volume and pressure of the inner most fluid of the inner ear --- results in recurrent attacks of hearing loss, tinnitus, veritgo and fullness
-- unilateral
meniere disease
108
What is inflammation of the inner ear
otitis media
109
S/S of otitis media
ear pain, hearing impariment,
fever
red TM
decreased movement on pneumatic otoscopy
rupture of TM
110
what should your treat otitis media with
Abx
111
What is a hereditary condition resulting in boney overgrowth of the stapes bone, that will cause conductive hearing loss
otosclerosis
112
What is a common condition typified by the perception of sound in the absence of an acoustic stimulus
tinnitus
113
causes of tinnitus
damage to inner ear
middle ear infection
aneurysms
hardening of arteries
medications
unknown
114
What is dizziness with the sensation of spinning, must be differentiated from lightheadedness
vertigo
115
what are the two types of vertigo
central and peripheral
116
what causes central vertigo (4)
CNS lesion
drug toxicity
cerebellar stroke
brainstem stroke
117
What causes peripheral vertigo (6)
inner ear lesion
Meniere's disease
viral/bacterial labyrinthitis
benign paroxysmal postural vertigo
acoustic neuroma
118
What is the testing of the persons ability to hear various sound frequencies, testes with audiometer, by an audiology
audiometry
119
What is a small complex electronic device that can help provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing
cochlear implant
120
What exam is performed by gently pulling the auricle up and back to see in the ear
otoscopy
121
What test places a tuning fork at the midline of forehead to see is sound radiated to both ears
weber test
122
abnormal webers tests is where the sound lateralizes to one ear:
if ipsilateral = _______ hearing loss
if contralateral = ______ hearing loss
conductive
sensorineural
123
What tests first bone conduction and then air conduction
rinne test
124
Is air or bone conduction typically better
air
125
in the rinne test, is bone is longer than air, it indicates what kind of hearing loss
conductive
