Chp. 14 Lymphatic and Immune Flashcards
What is the open, incomplete circulatory system that moves fluid slowly in one direction?
Lymphatic system!
Small lymph capillaries interact with _____ ___________ in interstitial spaces in tissues
blood capillaries
What happens to fluid from body tissues?
It enters the lymph capillaries and is drained
What do macrophages do?
phagocytose foreign substances
What do B lymphocytes do and where do they originate?
Produce antibodies, mature in bone marrow
What do T lymphocytes do and where do they originate?
Attack bacteria and foreign cells, originate in the thymus gland
What does the spleen do? (4)
- Destroys old red blood cells
- Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood
- Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration
- Stores RBCs and platelets
What does the thymus gland do? (2)
- Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth
- Makes cells immunocompetent in early life
Early removal of the thymus gland from an animal has what result?
Impairs ability to make antibodies and ability to produce cell to fight antigens
Vocab: Leukocytes (list of 3)
neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
Vocab: Lymphoid organs (list of 5 AND function)
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus gland
- tonsils
- adenoids
**produce lymphocytes and antibodies
Vocab: Immunity
the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs - can be natural or adaptive
Vocab: Natural Immunity
resistance that is present at birth and NOT dependent of prior exposure to an antigen
Cells of natural immunity:
Macrophages
NK cells
**phagocytosis!
Vocab: Humoral adaptive immunity
Involves B cells that produce lymphocytes and mature into plasma cells
Vocab: Cell-mediated adaptive immunity
involves T cells (cytotoxic and helper)
Does T cell function involve antibodies?
Nope (but like kinda?)
Which T cells attach to and directly kill antigens?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate by B cells and stimulate other T cells?
Helper T cells
Which T cells inhibit B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells?
Suppressor T cells (Tregs)
Vocab: dendritic cells (origin and 2 functions)
- macrophage derived from monocytes
- recognize and digest foreign antigens
- present antigens on the surface to stimulate B and T cells
multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells (passive immunotherapy)
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
contain antigens from the patient’s tumor cells, stimulate the patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells, active immunotherapy
Vaccines
In bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
Immune cell transfer
Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
Adaptive immunity
Mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx
adenoids
Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
antibody
Substance that the body recognizes as foreign, evokes an immune response
antigen
lymph nodes in the armpit
axillary nodes
Lymphocyte that matures into plasma cell to secrete antibodies
B cells
T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them
cell-mediated immunity
Lymph nodes in the neck region
cervical nodes
Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target
complement system
Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
cytokines
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
cytotoxic T cells
antigen-presenting cell that shows T and B cells what to attack
dendritic cell
lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells
Helper T cells
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens, type of adaptive immunity
humoral immunity
Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen
immunoglobulins
Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease
immunotherapy
Lymph nodes in the groin region
inguinal nodes
Proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interferons
Proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interleukins
Fluid in the spaces between cells that becomes lymph in lymph capillaries
interstitial fluid
thin, watery fluid within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
lymph
Tiniest lymphatic vessels
lymph capillaries
Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
lymphoid organs
Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels
lymph node
carrier of lymph throughout the body
lymph vessel
Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
macrophage
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
mediastinal nodes
Lymph nodes in the mesentery
mesenteric nodes
an antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells
monoclonal antibody
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection
natural immunity
Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body
paraaortic nodes
Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies, matures from B lymphocytes
plasma cell
Vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of body, empties into large neck vein
right lymphatic duct
Organ in left upper quadrant of abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
spleen
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells
suppressor T cell
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens
T cell
Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
tolerance
Drains lymph nodes from the lower and left side of body, empties into large veins in neck
thoracic duct
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells
thymus gland
Masses of lymphatic tissue in back of the oropharynx
tonsils
Poison, a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
toxin
Exposure of an individual to an antigen that provokes an immune response that will protect against infection
vaccination
Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
vaccine
What is the genetic disorder where infants are born with a deficiency of B and T cells?
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
SCID patients often have ______ infections early in life
severe
SCID is also called:
Bubble boy disease
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by:
Infection with human retroviruses HIV-1 or 2
How is AIDS spread? (5)
- sexual contact
- blood
- bodily fluids
- intrapartum or perinatally from mother to infant
- breast milk
T or F: there is a high occupational risk of infection of HIV in health care workers
False, small risk
What is the most common opportunistic infection for people with AIDS?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
When does HIV+ become AIDS?
When CD4 counts are < (less than) 200
Treatment for AIDS:
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) with reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors
Skin condition that appears as many dark spots on torso and is associated with lymphoma:
Kaposi sarcoma
What is an abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen?
Allergies :)
The sensitizing agent to an allergy is called an:
allergen
Results of anaphylaxis (4)
- hypotension
- shock
- respiratory distress
- edema of the larynx
Reexposure to allergen causes:
Immune response
Hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition
Atopy
Example of atopy that presents as rash on skin
Atopic dermatitis
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
lymphoma
Which cell types can lead to lymphoma? (4)
- B cell progenitors
- T cell progenitors
- Mature B cells
- NK cells (RARE)
Classic “B” symptoms of lymphoma (3)
- fever
- night sweats
- weight loss
Malignant tumor of lymph tissue in spleen and lymph nodes
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma is characterized by ____-_________ cells
Reed-Sternberg
Hodgkin Lymphoma makes up __% of all lymphomas
10
S/S of Hodgkin Lymphoma (6)
- painless localized lymphadenopathy
- splenomegaly
- pyrexia
- weakness
- weight loss
- anorexia
Hodgkin Lymphoma has a _______ peak
Bimodal
Tx Hodgkin Lymphoma (2)
- Local Radiation
- Chemotherapy
T or F: Hodgkin Lymphoma has a high cure-rate
True
Follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma that primarily involves B cells
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Tx Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- chemotherapy
- radiation
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow
Multiple myeloma
T or F: Multiple myeloma can be found in lymph nodes
FALSE
70% of patients with multiple myeloma have ____ ____
bone pain
How is multiple myeloma identified?
Plain radiograph
Multiple myeloma tumor is composed of ______ cells
Plasma cells
Multiple myeloma tumor will have high levels of a specific immunoglobulin called a:
Monoclonal band
Malignant (or benign?) tumor of the thymus gland
Thymoma
__% of thymomas are primary mediastinal neoplasm (I don’t even know what that means lol)
10
_/_th of thymomas are malignant
1/4th
S/S of thymoma (7)
- cough
- SOB
- dysphagia
- fever
- chest pain
- weight loss
- anorexia
Tx for thymoma (only 1)
surgery (usually)
Which comorbidity occurs in half of all patients with thymomas?
Myasthenia gravis
Collection of interstitial fluid from obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes
Lymphedema
Causes of lymphedema (2)
- Post lymphadenectomy
- Radiation to the area
Measures number of CD4 T helper cells in bloodstream
CD4+ cell count
CD4+ cell counts are used to follow patients with ____
AIDS
Normal CD4+ cell count
Between 500 and 1500
This test is used as an initial screen for HIV detection and is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ELISA test
What is the confirmatory test for HIV?
Western blot
A method of determining the blood levels of the five major immunoglobulins
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
Measures the amount of HIV virus in the bloodstream
Viral load test
Types of viral load tests (2)
- PCR: polymerase chain reaction
- NASBA: nucleic acid sequence-based amplification test
