Chp 10- Nervous System Flashcards
CNS
central nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
PNS
peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- plexuses
- peripheral nerves throughout body
Sympathetic nerves
stimulate body under stress
parasympathetic nerves
balance the sympathetic system
- slow HR
- Low BP
Autonomic Nervous System
- nerve impulses from CNS to organs
Neuron
Individual nerve cell
Parts of neuron
- dendrite
- cell body
- cell nucleus
- axon ( myelin sheath, neurilemma)
- terminal end fibres (secrete NT)
- neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse
- synapse
Ganglia
Small clusters of nerve cell bodies
Glia cells
Maintain health of NS
- do not transmit impulses
4 types of glia cells
- astrocytes (astroglial cells)
- microglia (microglial cells)
- oligodendroglia
- ependymal cells
Anatomical structures of the brain (8)
- Frontal
- Sulci
- Gyri
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Wernicke area
- Temporal lobe
- Broca area
Cerebrum
Largest section of the brain
- surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex
- manages speech, vision, small, movement, hearing, thought
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements
- maintains balance
Thalamus
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
Hypothalamus
Controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
- regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
- monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
Pons
Brain stem
- bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum w/ the rest of the brain
- houses nerves for the face and eyes
Midbrain
- uppermost portion of the brain stem
- contains pathways connecting the cerebrum w/ lower portions of brain
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
- connects the spinal cord to the brain
- nerve tracts from side to side
- regulates: blood vessels, heart, Respiratory System
What do Meninges contain?
- dura mater (lines skull)
- subdural space
- arachnoid membrane
- subarachnoid space
- pia mater (lines brain)
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter chemical released at ends of nerve cells
Afferent nerve
Carries message toward the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid membrane
Middle layer of 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Astrocyte
Glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
Axon
Microscopic fibre that Carrie’s the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
Blood-brain barrier
Protective separation b/w the blood and brain cells that keeps substances (ex. Anti cancer drugs) from pertaining capillary walls and entering the brain
Brain stem
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with spinal cord, includes: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
Cell body
Part of the nerve cell that contains nucleus
Cerebral cortex
Outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerve cells, Gray matter
Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)
Dendrite
Microscopic branching finer of a nerve cell; first part to receive the nervous impulse
Dura mater
Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
Efferent nerve
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
Ependymal cell
Glial cell that lines the membrane within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid
Gyrus (gyri)
Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
Meninges
3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from CNS
Midbrain
Uppermost portion of brainstem
Motor nerve
Carrie’s messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
Myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speed impulse conduction
Oligodendroglial
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
Parenchyma
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or systems for NS, nuerons and nerves that carry impulses
Pia mater
The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
Plexus
A large, interlacing network of nerves
pons
largest part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain
receptor
an organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it to afferent nerves; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot
sensory nerve
carries message toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve
spinal nerves
31 pairs arising from the spinal cord
stimulus/stimuli
agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal or external environment that evokes a response
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
sulcus/ sulci
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
synapse
the space through which a nervous impulse travels between never cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
thalamus
main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
vagus nerve
tenth nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glial cells
lept/o
thin, slender
mening/o ; meningi/o
membranes, meninges
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
vag/o
vagus nerve
alges/o ; -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
-algia
pain
caus/o
burning
comat/o
deep sleep
esthesi/o; -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
kines/o; -kinesia
movement
-kinesis; kinetic
movement
-lepsy
seizure
lex/o
word, phrase
-paresis
slight paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
-praxia
action
-sthenia
strength
syncop/o
cut off
tax/o
order, coordination
hydrocephalus
buildup of excess cerebrospinal fluid within fluid containing cavities or ventricles of the brain
spinal bifida cystica
more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst (fluid-filled sac) on the lower part of baby’s back
spinal bifida occulta
when a baby’s backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy.
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- most common type of dementia
- progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss
- involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
Epilepsy
having two or more unprovoked seizures
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
-a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
- causes loss of muscle control
- gets worse over time
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
- attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
- the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
- a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles
Palsy
weakness or problems with using the muscles
Parkinsons disease
brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination
Tourette syndrome
- a condition of the nervous system
- tics
Herpes zoster (shingles)
- caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes varicella (chickenpox)
- virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia
Meningitis
- an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
an infection that attacks the body’s immune system and spreads to the brain
Cerebral concussion
- traumatic brain injury caused by blow to head
- no evidence of structural damage
- rest important to heal
cerebral contusion
- bruising of the brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
- associated with fracture of skull, edema and increased intracranial pressure
- subdural and spidural hematomas can occur leading to permanent brain injury
3 parts of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- thrombotic
- embolic
- hemorrhagic
thrombotic
blood clot in arteries leaving the brain
embolic
dislodged blood clot travels to cerebral arteries
hemorrhagic
blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs
Cerebral angiography
special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain
PET
positron emission scan
Doppler ultrasound
noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through your blood vessels by bouncing high-frequency sound waves
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
BBB
blood brain barrier
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
EEG
electroencephalogram
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
ICP
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5-10mmHg
LP
lumbar puncture
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
MG
myasthenia gravis
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
1/2 P
hemiparesis
PCA
patient-controlled anesthesia
Sz
seizure
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA
transient ischemic attack
TLE
temporal lobe epilepsy
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
