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Medical Terminology > Chp 10- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chp 10- Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal Cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- plexuses
- peripheral nerves throughout body

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3
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

stimulate body under stress

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4
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

balance the sympathetic system
- slow HR
- Low BP

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • nerve impulses from CNS to organs
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6
Q

Neuron

A

Individual nerve cell

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7
Q

Parts of neuron

A
  • dendrite
  • cell body
  • cell nucleus
  • axon ( myelin sheath, neurilemma)
  • terminal end fibres (secrete NT)
  • neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse
  • synapse
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8
Q

Ganglia

A

Small clusters of nerve cell bodies

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9
Q

Glia cells

A

Maintain health of NS
- do not transmit impulses

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10
Q

4 types of glia cells

A
  • astrocytes (astroglial cells)
  • microglia (microglial cells)
  • oligodendroglia
  • ependymal cells
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11
Q

Anatomical structures of the brain (8)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sulci
  3. Gyri
  4. Parietal lobe
  5. Occipital lobe
  6. Wernicke area
  7. Temporal lobe
  8. Broca area
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12
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest section of the brain
- surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex
- manages speech, vision, small, movement, hearing, thought

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements
- maintains balance

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14
Q

Thalamus

A

Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
- regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
- monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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16
Q

Pons

A

Brain stem
- bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum w/ the rest of the brain
- houses nerves for the face and eyes
Midbrain
- uppermost portion of the brain stem
- contains pathways connecting the cerebrum w/ lower portions of brain

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17
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Brainstem
- connects the spinal cord to the brain
- nerve tracts from side to side
- regulates: blood vessels, heart, Respiratory System

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18
Q

What do Meninges contain?

A
  • dura mater (lines skull)
  • subdural space
  • arachnoid membrane
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia mater (lines brain)
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19
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at ends of nerve cells

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20
Q

Afferent nerve

A

Carries message toward the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Astrocyte

A

Glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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23
Q

Axon

A

Microscopic fibre that Carrie’s the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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24
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protective separation b/w the blood and brain cells that keeps substances (ex. Anti cancer drugs) from pertaining capillary walls and entering the brain

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25
Q

Brain stem

A

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with spinal cord, includes: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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26
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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27
Q

Cell body

A

Part of the nerve cell that contains nucleus

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28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerve cells, Gray matter

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29
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)

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31
Q

Dendrite

A

Microscopic branching finer of a nerve cell; first part to receive the nervous impulse

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32
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Efferent nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

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34
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines the membrane within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

Gyrus (gyri)

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

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36
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Microglial cell

A

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from CNS

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38
Q

Midbrain

A

Uppermost portion of brainstem

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39
Q

Motor nerve

A

Carrie’s messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

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40
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speed impulse conduction

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41
Q

Oligodendroglial

A

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

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42
Q

Parenchyma

A

Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or systems for NS, nuerons and nerves that carry impulses

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43
Q

Pia mater

A

The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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44
Q

Plexus

A

A large, interlacing network of nerves

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45
Q

pons

A

largest part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain

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46
Q

receptor

A

an organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it to afferent nerves; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

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47
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot

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48
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries message toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve

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49
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs arising from the spinal cord

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50
Q

stimulus/stimuli

A

agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal or external environment that evokes a response

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51
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

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52
Q

sulcus/ sulci

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

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53
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

54
Q

synapse

A

the space through which a nervous impulse travels between never cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

55
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

56
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

57
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

58
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

59
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

60
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

61
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

62
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

63
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

64
Q

mening/o ; meningi/o

A

membranes, meninges

65
Q

my/o

A

muscle

66
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

67
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

68
Q

pont/o

A

pons

69
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

70
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

71
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to meninges)

72
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

73
Q

alges/o ; -algesia

A

excessive sensitivity to pain

74
Q

-algia

A

pain

75
Q

caus/o

A

burning

76
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep

77
Q

esthesi/o; -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

78
Q

kines/o; -kinesia

A

movement

79
Q

-kinesis; kinetic

A

movement

80
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

81
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

82
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

83
Q

-phasia

A

speech

84
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

85
Q

-praxia

A

action

86
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

87
Q

syncop/o

A

cut off

88
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

89
Q

hydrocephalus

A

buildup of excess cerebrospinal fluid within fluid containing cavities or ventricles of the brain

90
Q

spinal bifida cystica

A

more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst (fluid-filled sac) on the lower part of baby’s back

91
Q

spinal bifida occulta

A

when a baby’s backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy.

92
Q

Alzheimer Disease (AD)

A
  • most common type of dementia
  • progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss
  • involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
93
Q

Epilepsy

A

having two or more unprovoked seizures

94
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

-a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
- causes loss of muscle control
- gets worse over time

95
Q

Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)

A
  • attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas
96
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
  • the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body
97
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

A
  • a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles
98
Q

Palsy

A

weakness or problems with using the muscles

99
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

100
Q

Tourette syndrome

A
  • a condition of the nervous system
  • tics
101
Q

Herpes zoster (shingles)

A
  • caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes varicella (chickenpox)
  • virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia
102
Q

Meningitis

A
  • an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
103
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

an infection that attacks the body’s immune system and spreads to the brain

104
Q

Cerebral concussion

A
  • traumatic brain injury caused by blow to head
  • no evidence of structural damage
  • rest important to heal
105
Q

cerebral contusion

A
  • bruising of the brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
  • associated with fracture of skull, edema and increased intracranial pressure
  • subdural and spidural hematomas can occur leading to permanent brain injury
106
Q

3 parts of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A
  1. thrombotic
  2. embolic
  3. hemorrhagic
107
Q

thrombotic

A

blood clot in arteries leaving the brain

108
Q

embolic

A

dislodged blood clot travels to cerebral arteries

109
Q

hemorrhagic

A

blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs

110
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain

111
Q

PET

A

positron emission scan

112
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through your blood vessels by bouncing high-frequency sound waves

113
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein

114
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

115
Q

AVM

A

arteriovenous malformation

116
Q

BBB

A

blood brain barrier

117
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

118
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

119
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)

120
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5-10mmHg

121
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

122
Q

MAC

A

monitored anesthetic care

123
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

124
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

125
Q

1/2 P

A

hemiparesis

126
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled anesthesia

127
Q

Sz

A

seizure

128
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

129
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

130
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

131
Q

TLE

A

temporal lobe epilepsy

132
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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