Child And Adult Psychiatry Part 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What psychiatric conditions are genes implicated in?

A

Autism
Anxiety
Depression
ODD

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2
Q

What else contributes to psychiatric diseases

A

Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are also implicated

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3
Q

What do you look for when looking for risk factors for child psychiatry

A

Maternal health- maternal antibodies, obesity, diabetes
Substance misuse- alcohol, marijuana
Toxins- lead, Mercury and PCB’s
Drugs- lipid soluble
Epigenetics- folate controlled methylation
Endocrine environment- esp androgen and cortisol
Immune environment
Premature birth
Twinning

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4
Q

How does alcohol stunt growth?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Small eyes
Small head
Small brain
Smooth upper lip
Smooth filtrum
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5
Q

How is white matter implicated in ADHD

A

White matter provides the connection between areas of the brain
In ADHD there are poor connections, leading to more noise
Poor connectivity can be caused by alcohol

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6
Q

What are some common outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome

A
Highly variable clinical picture
Learning difficulties
Conduct disorders including ODD (oppositional defiant disorder)
ADHD or ADD or hyp-imp subtypes
Anxiety disorders
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7
Q

What is OOD (oppositional defiant disorder)

A

Frequent loss of temper, arguing, becoming easily angered or annoyed, showing vindictive or other negative behaviours.

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8
Q

What environmental factors during childhood can lead to mental disorders?

A
Carer- child relationship
Parenting skills and parental mental disorders
Marital harmony
Nutrition, poverty, deprivation
Abuse, neglect
Discipline
Day care/schooling
Peer relationships
Life events
Physical disability
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9
Q

What is attachment?

A

The constant of an attachment figure is paramount for life. Problems in mental health have been attributed to early attachment patterns although there is little evidence for this.

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10
Q

How does stress impact development?

A

Macrophages with pro-inflammatory phenotype caused by the sympathetic nerve chain and cortisol lead to low grade peripheral inflammation
Risky behaviours such as a high fat diet, smoking and drugs also lead to low grade peripheral inflammation.
This can lead to low grade peripheral inflammation on the microglia.

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11
Q

How does the brain respond to physical and mental stress

A

Brain response similarly to physical and mental stress
Response to stress involves interplay or brain body
Early life stress influences function of the limbic system including the amygdala
Determines the subsequent patterns of stress response.
Early life stress influences mood and patterns of response to threat including withdrawal and/or aggressive symptoms

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12
Q

How does early adversity help train the brain?

A
Perceived behaviour/aggression
Limbic response
Heightened amygdala activity
Cortical response/ preparation of aggressive response
Behavioural response
Aggression
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13
Q

How can head injury affect behaviour

A

Head injury more likely to affect behaviour which can effect life events which can cause a head injury and so on.

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14
Q

What is reward based training

A

Dopamine fires in the brain in response to rewards and positive stimulus

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15
Q

How does adveristy relate to dopamine reposnses?

A

Decreases the ability of dopamine to fire in response to rewarding stimuli

Early adversity leads to reduced function and therefore more is needed to satisfy dopamine response

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16
Q

What is meant by executive and cortical control?

A

People at the top of an institution taking control of an organisation

This same thing happens within the brain, bits of your brain provide control over your actions.

There is connections between the frontal lobe and the reward and punishment centres of the mind

17
Q

What us delay aversion

A

The capacity to wait and maintain attention in the absence of immediate reward.

18
Q

What is the social brain?

A

Increasing understanding, reflection and control with age

Picks up emotions from others, from a young age. They develop sensorimotor control, secondary representation (others emotions).

19
Q

What is expressed emotion

A

Carers negative emotion in the clinic predicts the relapse from chronic illness

Methods to measure it for research but you can also do it informally

Illness causes worry and stress, more severe illness leads to more worry and stress

Worry and stress leads to negativity in relationships at home

20
Q

What is ADD

A

Distractibility, sustaining attention to tasks that don’t provide high levels of stimulation of frequent reward.

21
Q

What is Hyp/IMP

A

difficulties in remaining still, most evident in situations that require behavioural self control. Impulsivity is a tendency to act in response to immediate stimuli, without deliberation or consideration of the risks or concentration.