Chemistry text book pt 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The study of the chemistry of living systems
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
The study of the structure, organization, and interaction of the substances within living matter
A
Biochemistry
3
Q
Chemical processes in health and disease or as all the chemical processes that occur in living organisms
A
Biochemistry
4
Q
Other names for biochemistry include
A
Physiological chemistry and biological chemistry
5
Q
Derivatives of polyhydric alcohols containing an aldehyde or a ketone group
A
Carbohydrate
6
Q
The result of the oxidation of polyhydroxy alcohols
A
Carbohydrates
7
Q
As a class of compounds we often identify the carbohydrates with the
A
Sugars, starches, cellulose, and glycogen
8
Q
Those carbohydrates containing an aldehyde functional group are called the
A
Aldoses
9
Q
Those carbohydrates with a ketone functional group are called
A
Ketoses
10
Q
Carbohydrates are often named using the suffix
A
-ose
11
Q
Carbohydrates are composed of three elements. What are they?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
12
Q
The simplest of the carbohydrates are the simple sugars we call
A
Monosaccharides
13
Q
The monosaccharides of greatest significance to the body are the
A
Hexose Monosaccharides
14
Q
Hexose Monosaccharides are an excellent source of energy for the body, providing about
A
4 calories per gram
15
Q
Each hexose monosaccharide have what molecular formula?
A
C6H12O6
16
Q
The hexose monosaccharides include
A
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
17
Q
An aldose which has several alternate names, dextrose, grape sugar, and blood sugar
A
Glucose
18
Q
Glucoses importance to the body is its presence in the
A
Blood
19
Q
Another aldose important to the body because it is found in the make-up of the brain and nerve tissue
A
Galactose
20
Q
Galactose is derived from
A
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
21
Q
A ketose; the sweetest of the sugars, almost twice as sweet as table sugar
A
Fructose
22
Q
Fructose is also known as
A
Levulose or fruit sugar
23
Q
Fructose is found in
A
Many fruits
24
Q
Carbohydrates containing two saccharide groups
A
Disaccharides
25
Disaccharides derived from the hexose monosaccharides will all have the molecular formula of
C12H22O11
26
A disaccharide is basically the equivalent of dehydrating between
2 monosaccharides
27
The disaccharides which contain hexose monosaccharides are
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
28
Table sugar or cane sugar is known as
Sucrose
29
Sucrose is formed from the dehydration between a molecule of
Glucose and fructose
30
Sucrose may be hydrolized to yield
Glucose and fructose
31
Malt sugar
Maltose
32
Maltose is formed by dehydrating between
Two glucose molecules
33
Maltose may be hydrolized to yield
Two molecules of glucose
34
Milk Sugar
Lactose
35
Lactose is formed by dehydrating between a molecule of
Glucose and galactose
36
Lactose may be hydrolized to yield
Glucose and galactose
37
Complex sugars that have many saccharide groups are called
Polysaccharides
38
Polysaccharides include the
Starches, cellulose, and glycogen
39
Polysaccharides may be hydrolized repeatedly to eventually yield
Monosaccharides
40
Can a monosaccharide be further hydrolized?
No
41
Starches occur in plants such as
Tubers and grains
42
The most important polysaccharides to humans are
Starches
43
The complete hydrolysis of starches yields
Monosaccharides
44
This occurs as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals
Glycogen
45
How do our bodies store sugars for later use?
Glycogen
46
This occurs in the make up of many plants, not digestible by the human digestive tract
Cellulose
47
Cellulose serves only as this
A bulking agent (fiber)
48
The hydrolytic products of carbohydrates are ultimately the
Monosaccharides
49
The splitting apart by the addition of water is
Hydrolysis
50
Hydrolysis requires the addition of the appropriate
Enzyme
51
The oxidation of carbohydrates would ultimately yield
Carbon dioxide and water
52
This process is the body's chief source of energy
Oxidation of carbohydrates
53
The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy into carbohydrates and oxygen while in the presence of the catalyst, chlorophyll
Photosyntesis
54
What is the opposite of the oxidation of carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
55
What is the opposite of photosynthesis?
Oxidation of carbohydrates
56
The anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds (carbohydrates) by microorganisms into simpler products, releasing carbon dioxide
Fermentation
57
The oxidative decomposition of complex substances (carbohydrates) through the action of enzymes, produces by microorganisms
Fermentation
58
Substances able to yield fatty acids when hydrolyzed
Lipids
59
These are made when alcohol combines with a fatty acid
Lipids
60
All lipids by have the same elements present as in a
Carbohydrate
61
All lipids must have the same elements present as in a carbohydrate, which are
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
62
Lipids must have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen present, but they may also have other elements present, which are
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
63
Lipids are generally insoluble in
Water
64
Lipids are soluble in organic solvents such as
Alcohols and ethers, acetone, benzene, chloroform, and/or carbon tetrachloride
65
An ester of fatty acids is a
Simple Lipid
66
Fats and oils are simple lipids which when hydrolized will yield
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
67
Glyceryl esters of fatty acids or esters of glycerol (glycerin) and fatty acids
Fats and Oils
68
Each molecule of a fat or an oil may be hydrolized to yield
A single glycerine and up to three fatty acids
69
Those in which the fatty acids are all the same are called
Smple Glycerides
70
Those containing more than one type of fatty acid are called
Mixed Glycerides
71
Those glycerides containing only one molecule of fatty acid are called
Monoglycerides
72
Those with two molecules of fatty acids are
Diglycerides
73
If the fatty acids are saturated then the glyceride is a
Fat
74
Fats are __________ at room temp
solid
75
If the fatty acids are unsaturated, then the glyceride is an
Oil
76
Oils are _________ at room temp
Liquid
77
Tristearin or Stearin is an example of a
Fat
78
A saturated fatty acid is
Palmitic acid
79
When in a glyceride, palmitic acid would be a
Fat
80
Fats are superior to carbohydrates as a source of energy in that they yield
9 calories per gram of fat
81
Fats serve to
Prevent dehydration of body cells
Insulate the body
Cushion body organs
82
The oxidation of a fat or an oil results in the end products
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
83
When hydrolyzed a fat or oil results in the end products
Glycerol and fatty acids
84
The alkaline hydrolysis of a fat of an oil to produce a soap and glycerol
Saponification
85
When sodium hydroxide is used in Saponification, the end products are
Glycerine and lye soap
86
The result of saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by alkaline substances in the water or the earth surrounding the grave
Adipocere aka Grave Wax
87
The substance besides glycerol produced when saponification of a fat/oil occurs
Soap
88
A mixture of two liquids which do not ordinarily mix, such as water and oil, to which you add a soap to cause them to mix
Emulsion
89
The process of creating an emulsion by adding a soap
Emulsification
90
In the digestive tract of the human body, this serves as an emulsifier to allow absorption of the fats in our diet
Bile
91
Lipids that are esters of fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols other than glycerol
Waxes
92
The more common waxes are
Beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti, or carnauba wax
93
Lanolin and spermaceti are of great importance to the cosmetologist because they are used in
Creams, lotions, and cosmetics
94
One which when hydrolized will yield fatty acids, an alcohol, and some other compound
Mixed Lipid or a compound lipid
95
What are included in the category of mixed/compound lipids?
Phospholipids and glycolipids
96
Where are phospholipids and Glycolipids founds?
In the tissues of the brain
97
The greek word Proteios means
Of first Importance
98
Fundamental building blocks of many of the body's structures such as nervous tissue, muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Protein compounds
99
Protein compounds can be formed in plant life by the addition of _________ from the soil to the carbohydrate compounds which were formed by photosynthesis
Nitrogen
100
A protein is actually a chain of
Amino acid molecules
101
How are amino acid molecules linked together?
Peptide Bonds
102
The alternating pattern of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom on the external bonds of a protein molecule
Peptide Bond
103
The smallest identifiable protein molecule is a single amino acid molecule called
Glycine
104
Protein is in a _______ state at body temp
Liquid
105
Protein is naturally
Hygroscopic
106
Protein utilizes this to maintain its liquid state
Imbibition
107
Proteins are considered to be the body's natural
Humectant
108
Proteins are essential in maintaining
Proper body moisture levels
109
Proteins consist of both acid and base parts, meaning they are
Amphoteric
110
When the peptide bonds of a protein molecules are removed, what is shed by the molecule?
Water
111
Coagulated protein is resistant to decomposition by
Hydrolysis
112
This can remove the peptide bonds from a protein molecule
Formaldehyde
113
Decomposition of a protein can occur in two ways. What are they?
Deamination and Decarboxylation
114
The removal of the amine from an amino acid by another substance
Deamination
115
The removal of the acid from an amino acid by another substance
Decarboxylation
116
Complex proteins can undergo
Partial Decomposition
117
Results in the separation of the single protein molecule into the specific number of amino acid molecules of which it was composed and held together by peptide bonds
Partial Decomposition
118
Complex proteins and amino acids can also undergo complete decomposition, resulting in the creation of
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Urea
119
A compound which normally acts as a catalyst for some type of chemical reaction such as hydrolysis
An organic Enzyme
120
This will alter the rate of speed of the chemical reaction into which it is introduced but will not become part of the products of the reaction nor will it be altered by the chemical reaction
Catalyst
121
Enzymes are said to be
Substrate Specific
122
A specific enzyme will only act upon certain
Substances or substrates
123
If an enzyme is categorized as a member of the Protease family, it will only act on
Protein Substances
124
Proteins are __________ in nature
Crystalloidal
125
Enzymes are __________ in nature
Colloidal
126
Enzymes do not initiate the decompsition of substrates, but only _______ the natural hydrolytic action of water on food
Accelerate
127
Enzymes are known to be _________ and _________ specific
Temperature and pH
128
Enzymes are known to be labile. What does this mean?
Having the capability of regrouping and returning to the original strength after working on a substrate over aperiod of time
129
Because of this labile property, enzymes do not cease to act upon the
Death of the organism
130
It is essential that the exoenzymes and endoenzymes of the body be ____________ after death to minimize the damage caused by autolysis
Neutralized
131
Formaldehyde fluid has an affinity for
Nitrogen containing protein and protein derivatives like body enzymes
132
The most commonly used solvent for arterial fluids and cavity fluids
Water
133
The most commonly used vehicle of embalming fluid solutions
Water
134
The universal solvent
Water
135
The embalming process is described as the ___________, ________________, and _____________ of the dead human body
Disinfection, preservation, restoration
136
The killing or removal of all pathogenic organisms from a substance
Disinfection
137
The temporary halting of the natural decomposition processes which occur in a body after death
Preservation
138
What are the two most common aldehyde compounds?
Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde
139
There are __ members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids
3
140
What are the three members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids?
Ethanol
Methanol
Secondary propanol
141
The most commonly used agents in the phenolic compound category are
Phenol and Cresol
142
Preservative agents will neutralize the unstable chemical ions created by the ________________________ of protein and amino acids during hydrolytic autolysis
Deamination
| Decarboxylization
143
From the moment of somatic death to the beginning of the embalming process, the number of protein/amino acid molecules is
Increasing
144
The number of ions present in the dead human body at the time of embalming
Preservative Demand aka Formaldehyde Demand
145
The longer the period between death and embalming, the __________ the preservative demand
Higher
146
The number of molecules of a preservative injected into the body in excess of the preservative demand
Preservative Residual
147
Preservatives all inhibit the further decomposition of the body by creating a substance which is resistant to hydrolysis. What is this substance?
Protein coagulate
148
Preservatives will inactivate the __________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming
Enzymes
149
Preservatives all kill _________________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming
Microorganisms
150
Preservatives will all destroy the ______ of decomposition and prevent their further production
Odor
151
The odors of decomposition are actually ___________ of the decomposing body
Atomized Particles
152
Formaldehyde is created by the
Oxidation of methanol
153
An unstable compound much like Hydrogen peroxide in nature
Methylene Glycol
154
Hydrogen peroxide can easily disassociate into
Water and Nascent oxygen
155
Methylene glycol can disassociate or polymerize into
Water and formaldehyde gas
156
Methylene glycol will polymerze into
Paraformaldehyde particulate
157
This is known to be an effective anti-polymerization agent in embalming fluids
Methyl Alcohol
158
Formaldehyde based substances have an affinity for
Nitrogen Based substances
159
Lipid substances of the body do not contain
Nitrogen
160
The lipids are encased in fibers of protein which contain
Nitrogen
161
To avoid shell embalming, it is recommonded that the embalmer use
Low rate of flow and pressure; combination of continuous injection with intermittent drainage
