Chemistry text book pt 2 Flashcards
The study of the chemistry of living systems
Biochemistry
The study of the structure, organization, and interaction of the substances within living matter
Biochemistry
Chemical processes in health and disease or as all the chemical processes that occur in living organisms
Biochemistry
Other names for biochemistry include
Physiological chemistry and biological chemistry
Derivatives of polyhydric alcohols containing an aldehyde or a ketone group
Carbohydrate
The result of the oxidation of polyhydroxy alcohols
Carbohydrates
As a class of compounds we often identify the carbohydrates with the
Sugars, starches, cellulose, and glycogen
Those carbohydrates containing an aldehyde functional group are called the
Aldoses
Those carbohydrates with a ketone functional group are called
Ketoses
Carbohydrates are often named using the suffix
-ose
Carbohydrates are composed of three elements. What are they?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
The simplest of the carbohydrates are the simple sugars we call
Monosaccharides
The monosaccharides of greatest significance to the body are the
Hexose Monosaccharides
Hexose Monosaccharides are an excellent source of energy for the body, providing about
4 calories per gram
Each hexose monosaccharide have what molecular formula?
C6H12O6
The hexose monosaccharides include
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
An aldose which has several alternate names, dextrose, grape sugar, and blood sugar
Glucose
Glucoses importance to the body is its presence in the
Blood
Another aldose important to the body because it is found in the make-up of the brain and nerve tissue
Galactose
Galactose is derived from
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
A ketose; the sweetest of the sugars, almost twice as sweet as table sugar
Fructose
Fructose is also known as
Levulose or fruit sugar
Fructose is found in
Many fruits
Carbohydrates containing two saccharide groups
Disaccharides
Disaccharides derived from the hexose monosaccharides will all have the molecular formula of
C12H22O11
A disaccharide is basically the equivalent of dehydrating between
2 monosaccharides
The disaccharides which contain hexose monosaccharides are
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Table sugar or cane sugar is known as
Sucrose
Sucrose is formed from the dehydration between a molecule of
Glucose and fructose
Sucrose may be hydrolized to yield
Glucose and fructose
Malt sugar
Maltose
Maltose is formed by dehydrating between
Two glucose molecules
Maltose may be hydrolized to yield
Two molecules of glucose
Milk Sugar
Lactose
Lactose is formed by dehydrating between a molecule of
Glucose and galactose
Lactose may be hydrolized to yield
Glucose and galactose
Complex sugars that have many saccharide groups are called
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides include the
Starches, cellulose, and glycogen
Polysaccharides may be hydrolized repeatedly to eventually yield
Monosaccharides
Can a monosaccharide be further hydrolized?
No
Starches occur in plants such as
Tubers and grains
The most important polysaccharides to humans are
Starches
The complete hydrolysis of starches yields
Monosaccharides
This occurs as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals
Glycogen
How do our bodies store sugars for later use?
Glycogen
This occurs in the make up of many plants, not digestible by the human digestive tract
Cellulose
Cellulose serves only as this
A bulking agent (fiber)
The hydrolytic products of carbohydrates are ultimately the
Monosaccharides
The splitting apart by the addition of water is
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis requires the addition of the appropriate
Enzyme
The oxidation of carbohydrates would ultimately yield
Carbon dioxide and water
This process is the body’s chief source of energy
Oxidation of carbohydrates
The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy into carbohydrates and oxygen while in the presence of the catalyst, chlorophyll
Photosyntesis
What is the opposite of the oxidation of carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
What is the opposite of photosynthesis?
Oxidation of carbohydrates
The anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds (carbohydrates) by microorganisms into simpler products, releasing carbon dioxide
Fermentation
The oxidative decomposition of complex substances (carbohydrates) through the action of enzymes, produces by microorganisms
Fermentation
Substances able to yield fatty acids when hydrolyzed
Lipids
These are made when alcohol combines with a fatty acid
Lipids
All lipids by have the same elements present as in a
Carbohydrate
All lipids must have the same elements present as in a carbohydrate, which are
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids must have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen present, but they may also have other elements present, which are
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Lipids are generally insoluble in
Water
Lipids are soluble in organic solvents such as
Alcohols and ethers, acetone, benzene, chloroform, and/or carbon tetrachloride
An ester of fatty acids is a
Simple Lipid
Fats and oils are simple lipids which when hydrolized will yield
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Glyceryl esters of fatty acids or esters of glycerol (glycerin) and fatty acids
Fats and Oils
Each molecule of a fat or an oil may be hydrolized to yield
A single glycerine and up to three fatty acids
Those in which the fatty acids are all the same are called
Smple Glycerides
Those containing more than one type of fatty acid are called
Mixed Glycerides
Those glycerides containing only one molecule of fatty acid are called
Monoglycerides
Those with two molecules of fatty acids are
Diglycerides
If the fatty acids are saturated then the glyceride is a
Fat
Fats are __________ at room temp
solid
If the fatty acids are unsaturated, then the glyceride is an
Oil
Oils are _________ at room temp
Liquid
Tristearin or Stearin is an example of a
Fat
A saturated fatty acid is
Palmitic acid
When in a glyceride, palmitic acid would be a
Fat
Fats are superior to carbohydrates as a source of energy in that they yield
9 calories per gram of fat
Fats serve to
Prevent dehydration of body cells
Insulate the body
Cushion body organs
The oxidation of a fat or an oil results in the end products
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
When hydrolyzed a fat or oil results in the end products
Glycerol and fatty acids
The alkaline hydrolysis of a fat of an oil to produce a soap and glycerol
Saponification
When sodium hydroxide is used in Saponification, the end products are
Glycerine and lye soap
The result of saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by alkaline substances in the water or the earth surrounding the grave
Adipocere aka Grave Wax
The substance besides glycerol produced when saponification of a fat/oil occurs
Soap
A mixture of two liquids which do not ordinarily mix, such as water and oil, to which you add a soap to cause them to mix
Emulsion
The process of creating an emulsion by adding a soap
Emulsification
In the digestive tract of the human body, this serves as an emulsifier to allow absorption of the fats in our diet
Bile
Lipids that are esters of fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols other than glycerol
Waxes
The more common waxes are
Beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti, or carnauba wax
Lanolin and spermaceti are of great importance to the cosmetologist because they are used in
Creams, lotions, and cosmetics
One which when hydrolized will yield fatty acids, an alcohol, and some other compound
Mixed Lipid or a compound lipid
What are included in the category of mixed/compound lipids?
Phospholipids and glycolipids
Where are phospholipids and Glycolipids founds?
In the tissues of the brain
The greek word Proteios means
Of first Importance
Fundamental building blocks of many of the body’s structures such as nervous tissue, muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Protein compounds
Protein compounds can be formed in plant life by the addition of _________ from the soil to the carbohydrate compounds which were formed by photosynthesis
Nitrogen
A protein is actually a chain of
Amino acid molecules
How are amino acid molecules linked together?
Peptide Bonds
The alternating pattern of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom on the external bonds of a protein molecule
Peptide Bond
The smallest identifiable protein molecule is a single amino acid molecule called
Glycine
Protein is in a _______ state at body temp
Liquid
Protein is naturally
Hygroscopic
Protein utilizes this to maintain its liquid state
Imbibition
Proteins are considered to be the body’s natural
Humectant
Proteins are essential in maintaining
Proper body moisture levels
Proteins consist of both acid and base parts, meaning they are
Amphoteric
When the peptide bonds of a protein molecules are removed, what is shed by the molecule?
Water
Coagulated protein is resistant to decomposition by
Hydrolysis
This can remove the peptide bonds from a protein molecule
Formaldehyde
Decomposition of a protein can occur in two ways. What are they?
Deamination and Decarboxylation
The removal of the amine from an amino acid by another substance
Deamination
The removal of the acid from an amino acid by another substance
Decarboxylation
Complex proteins can undergo
Partial Decomposition
Results in the separation of the single protein molecule into the specific number of amino acid molecules of which it was composed and held together by peptide bonds
Partial Decomposition
Complex proteins and amino acids can also undergo complete decomposition, resulting in the creation of
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Urea
A compound which normally acts as a catalyst for some type of chemical reaction such as hydrolysis
An organic Enzyme
This will alter the rate of speed of the chemical reaction into which it is introduced but will not become part of the products of the reaction nor will it be altered by the chemical reaction
Catalyst
Enzymes are said to be
Substrate Specific
A specific enzyme will only act upon certain
Substances or substrates
If an enzyme is categorized as a member of the Protease family, it will only act on
Protein Substances
Proteins are __________ in nature
Crystalloidal
Enzymes are __________ in nature
Colloidal
Enzymes do not initiate the decompsition of substrates, but only _______ the natural hydrolytic action of water on food
Accelerate
Enzymes are known to be _________ and _________ specific
Temperature and pH
Enzymes are known to be labile. What does this mean?
Having the capability of regrouping and returning to the original strength after working on a substrate over aperiod of time
Because of this labile property, enzymes do not cease to act upon the
Death of the organism
It is essential that the exoenzymes and endoenzymes of the body be ____________ after death to minimize the damage caused by autolysis
Neutralized
Formaldehyde fluid has an affinity for
Nitrogen containing protein and protein derivatives like body enzymes
The most commonly used solvent for arterial fluids and cavity fluids
Water
The most commonly used vehicle of embalming fluid solutions
Water
The universal solvent
Water
The embalming process is described as the ___________, ________________, and _____________ of the dead human body
Disinfection, preservation, restoration
The killing or removal of all pathogenic organisms from a substance
Disinfection
The temporary halting of the natural decomposition processes which occur in a body after death
Preservation
What are the two most common aldehyde compounds?
Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde
There are __ members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids
3
What are the three members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids?
Ethanol
Methanol
Secondary propanol
The most commonly used agents in the phenolic compound category are
Phenol and Cresol
Preservative agents will neutralize the unstable chemical ions created by the ________________________ of protein and amino acids during hydrolytic autolysis
Deamination
Decarboxylization
From the moment of somatic death to the beginning of the embalming process, the number of protein/amino acid molecules is
Increasing
The number of ions present in the dead human body at the time of embalming
Preservative Demand aka Formaldehyde Demand
The longer the period between death and embalming, the __________ the preservative demand
Higher
The number of molecules of a preservative injected into the body in excess of the preservative demand
Preservative Residual
Preservatives all inhibit the further decomposition of the body by creating a substance which is resistant to hydrolysis. What is this substance?
Protein coagulate
Preservatives will inactivate the __________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming
Enzymes
Preservatives all kill _________________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming
Microorganisms
Preservatives will all destroy the ______ of decomposition and prevent their further production
Odor
The odors of decomposition are actually ___________ of the decomposing body
Atomized Particles
Formaldehyde is created by the
Oxidation of methanol
An unstable compound much like Hydrogen peroxide in nature
Methylene Glycol
Hydrogen peroxide can easily disassociate into
Water and Nascent oxygen
Methylene glycol can disassociate or polymerize into
Water and formaldehyde gas
Methylene glycol will polymerze into
Paraformaldehyde particulate
This is known to be an effective anti-polymerization agent in embalming fluids
Methyl Alcohol
Formaldehyde based substances have an affinity for
Nitrogen Based substances
Lipid substances of the body do not contain
Nitrogen
The lipids are encased in fibers of protein which contain
Nitrogen
To avoid shell embalming, it is recommonded that the embalmer use
Low rate of flow and pressure; combination of continuous injection with intermittent drainage
