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MORS 200 - Sciences > Chemistry text book pt 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry text book pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the chemistry of living systems

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

The study of the structure, organization, and interaction of the substances within living matter

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

Chemical processes in health and disease or as all the chemical processes that occur in living organisms

A

Biochemistry

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4
Q

Other names for biochemistry include

A

Physiological chemistry and biological chemistry

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5
Q

Derivatives of polyhydric alcohols containing an aldehyde or a ketone group

A

Carbohydrate

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6
Q

The result of the oxidation of polyhydroxy alcohols

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

As a class of compounds we often identify the carbohydrates with the

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose, and glycogen

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8
Q

Those carbohydrates containing an aldehyde functional group are called the

A

Aldoses

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9
Q

Those carbohydrates with a ketone functional group are called

A

Ketoses

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are often named using the suffix

A

-ose

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11
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of three elements. What are they?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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12
Q

The simplest of the carbohydrates are the simple sugars we call

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

The monosaccharides of greatest significance to the body are the

A

Hexose Monosaccharides

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14
Q

Hexose Monosaccharides are an excellent source of energy for the body, providing about

A

4 calories per gram

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15
Q

Each hexose monosaccharide have what molecular formula?

A

C6H12O6

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16
Q

The hexose monosaccharides include

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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17
Q

An aldose which has several alternate names, dextrose, grape sugar, and blood sugar

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Glucoses importance to the body is its presence in the

A

Blood

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19
Q

Another aldose important to the body because it is found in the make-up of the brain and nerve tissue

A

Galactose

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20
Q

Galactose is derived from

A

Lactose (Milk Sugar)

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21
Q

A ketose; the sweetest of the sugars, almost twice as sweet as table sugar

A

Fructose

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22
Q

Fructose is also known as

A

Levulose or fruit sugar

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23
Q

Fructose is found in

A

Many fruits

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24
Q

Carbohydrates containing two saccharide groups

A

Disaccharides

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25
Q

Disaccharides derived from the hexose monosaccharides will all have the molecular formula of

A

C12H22O11

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26
Q

A disaccharide is basically the equivalent of dehydrating between

A

2 monosaccharides

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27
Q

The disaccharides which contain hexose monosaccharides are

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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28
Q

Table sugar or cane sugar is known as

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Sucrose is formed from the dehydration between a molecule of

A

Glucose and fructose

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30
Q

Sucrose may be hydrolized to yield

A

Glucose and fructose

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31
Q

Malt sugar

A

Maltose

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32
Q

Maltose is formed by dehydrating between

A

Two glucose molecules

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33
Q

Maltose may be hydrolized to yield

A

Two molecules of glucose

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34
Q

Milk Sugar

A

Lactose

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35
Q

Lactose is formed by dehydrating between a molecule of

A

Glucose and galactose

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36
Q

Lactose may be hydrolized to yield

A

Glucose and galactose

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37
Q

Complex sugars that have many saccharide groups are called

A

Polysaccharides

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38
Q

Polysaccharides include the

A

Starches, cellulose, and glycogen

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39
Q

Polysaccharides may be hydrolized repeatedly to eventually yield

A

Monosaccharides

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40
Q

Can a monosaccharide be further hydrolized?

A

No

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41
Q

Starches occur in plants such as

A

Tubers and grains

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42
Q

The most important polysaccharides to humans are

A

Starches

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43
Q

The complete hydrolysis of starches yields

A

Monosaccharides

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44
Q

This occurs as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals

A

Glycogen

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45
Q

How do our bodies store sugars for later use?

A

Glycogen

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46
Q

This occurs in the make up of many plants, not digestible by the human digestive tract

A

Cellulose

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47
Q

Cellulose serves only as this

A

A bulking agent (fiber)

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48
Q

The hydrolytic products of carbohydrates are ultimately the

A

Monosaccharides

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49
Q

The splitting apart by the addition of water is

A

Hydrolysis

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50
Q

Hydrolysis requires the addition of the appropriate

A

Enzyme

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51
Q

The oxidation of carbohydrates would ultimately yield

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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52
Q

This process is the body’s chief source of energy

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates

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53
Q

The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy into carbohydrates and oxygen while in the presence of the catalyst, chlorophyll

A

Photosyntesis

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54
Q

What is the opposite of the oxidation of carbohydrates?

A

Photosynthesis

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55
Q

What is the opposite of photosynthesis?

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates

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56
Q

The anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds (carbohydrates) by microorganisms into simpler products, releasing carbon dioxide

A

Fermentation

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57
Q

The oxidative decomposition of complex substances (carbohydrates) through the action of enzymes, produces by microorganisms

A

Fermentation

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58
Q

Substances able to yield fatty acids when hydrolyzed

A

Lipids

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59
Q

These are made when alcohol combines with a fatty acid

A

Lipids

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60
Q

All lipids by have the same elements present as in a

A

Carbohydrate

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61
Q

All lipids must have the same elements present as in a carbohydrate, which are

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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62
Q

Lipids must have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen present, but they may also have other elements present, which are

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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63
Q

Lipids are generally insoluble in

A

Water

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64
Q

Lipids are soluble in organic solvents such as

A

Alcohols and ethers, acetone, benzene, chloroform, and/or carbon tetrachloride

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65
Q

An ester of fatty acids is a

A

Simple Lipid

66
Q

Fats and oils are simple lipids which when hydrolized will yield

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

67
Q

Glyceryl esters of fatty acids or esters of glycerol (glycerin) and fatty acids

A

Fats and Oils

68
Q

Each molecule of a fat or an oil may be hydrolized to yield

A

A single glycerine and up to three fatty acids

69
Q

Those in which the fatty acids are all the same are called

A

Smple Glycerides

70
Q

Those containing more than one type of fatty acid are called

A

Mixed Glycerides

71
Q

Those glycerides containing only one molecule of fatty acid are called

A

Monoglycerides

72
Q

Those with two molecules of fatty acids are

A

Diglycerides

73
Q

If the fatty acids are saturated then the glyceride is a

A

Fat

74
Q

Fats are __________ at room temp

A

solid

75
Q

If the fatty acids are unsaturated, then the glyceride is an

A

Oil

76
Q

Oils are _________ at room temp

A

Liquid

77
Q

Tristearin or Stearin is an example of a

A

Fat

78
Q

A saturated fatty acid is

A

Palmitic acid

79
Q

When in a glyceride, palmitic acid would be a

A

Fat

80
Q

Fats are superior to carbohydrates as a source of energy in that they yield

A

9 calories per gram of fat

81
Q

Fats serve to

A

Prevent dehydration of body cells
Insulate the body
Cushion body organs

82
Q

The oxidation of a fat or an oil results in the end products

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy

83
Q

When hydrolyzed a fat or oil results in the end products

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

84
Q

The alkaline hydrolysis of a fat of an oil to produce a soap and glycerol

A

Saponification

85
Q

When sodium hydroxide is used in Saponification, the end products are

A

Glycerine and lye soap

86
Q

The result of saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by alkaline substances in the water or the earth surrounding the grave

A

Adipocere aka Grave Wax

87
Q

The substance besides glycerol produced when saponification of a fat/oil occurs

A

Soap

88
Q

A mixture of two liquids which do not ordinarily mix, such as water and oil, to which you add a soap to cause them to mix

A

Emulsion

89
Q

The process of creating an emulsion by adding a soap

A

Emulsification

90
Q

In the digestive tract of the human body, this serves as an emulsifier to allow absorption of the fats in our diet

A

Bile

91
Q

Lipids that are esters of fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols other than glycerol

A

Waxes

92
Q

The more common waxes are

A

Beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti, or carnauba wax

93
Q

Lanolin and spermaceti are of great importance to the cosmetologist because they are used in

A

Creams, lotions, and cosmetics

94
Q

One which when hydrolized will yield fatty acids, an alcohol, and some other compound

A

Mixed Lipid or a compound lipid

95
Q

What are included in the category of mixed/compound lipids?

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

96
Q

Where are phospholipids and Glycolipids founds?

A

In the tissues of the brain

97
Q

The greek word Proteios means

A

Of first Importance

98
Q

Fundamental building blocks of many of the body’s structures such as nervous tissue, muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

A

Protein compounds

99
Q

Protein compounds can be formed in plant life by the addition of _________ from the soil to the carbohydrate compounds which were formed by photosynthesis

A

Nitrogen

100
Q

A protein is actually a chain of

A

Amino acid molecules

101
Q

How are amino acid molecules linked together?

A

Peptide Bonds

102
Q

The alternating pattern of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom on the external bonds of a protein molecule

A

Peptide Bond

103
Q

The smallest identifiable protein molecule is a single amino acid molecule called

A

Glycine

104
Q

Protein is in a _______ state at body temp

A

Liquid

105
Q

Protein is naturally

A

Hygroscopic

106
Q

Protein utilizes this to maintain its liquid state

A

Imbibition

107
Q

Proteins are considered to be the body’s natural

A

Humectant

108
Q

Proteins are essential in maintaining

A

Proper body moisture levels

109
Q

Proteins consist of both acid and base parts, meaning they are

A

Amphoteric

110
Q

When the peptide bonds of a protein molecules are removed, what is shed by the molecule?

A

Water

111
Q

Coagulated protein is resistant to decomposition by

A

Hydrolysis

112
Q

This can remove the peptide bonds from a protein molecule

A

Formaldehyde

113
Q

Decomposition of a protein can occur in two ways. What are they?

A

Deamination and Decarboxylation

114
Q

The removal of the amine from an amino acid by another substance

A

Deamination

115
Q

The removal of the acid from an amino acid by another substance

A

Decarboxylation

116
Q

Complex proteins can undergo

A

Partial Decomposition

117
Q

Results in the separation of the single protein molecule into the specific number of amino acid molecules of which it was composed and held together by peptide bonds

A

Partial Decomposition

118
Q

Complex proteins and amino acids can also undergo complete decomposition, resulting in the creation of

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Urea

119
Q

A compound which normally acts as a catalyst for some type of chemical reaction such as hydrolysis

A

An organic Enzyme

120
Q

This will alter the rate of speed of the chemical reaction into which it is introduced but will not become part of the products of the reaction nor will it be altered by the chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

121
Q

Enzymes are said to be

A

Substrate Specific

122
Q

A specific enzyme will only act upon certain

A

Substances or substrates

123
Q

If an enzyme is categorized as a member of the Protease family, it will only act on

A

Protein Substances

124
Q

Proteins are __________ in nature

A

Crystalloidal

125
Q

Enzymes are __________ in nature

A

Colloidal

126
Q

Enzymes do not initiate the decompsition of substrates, but only _______ the natural hydrolytic action of water on food

A

Accelerate

127
Q

Enzymes are known to be _________ and _________ specific

A

Temperature and pH

128
Q

Enzymes are known to be labile. What does this mean?

A

Having the capability of regrouping and returning to the original strength after working on a substrate over aperiod of time

129
Q

Because of this labile property, enzymes do not cease to act upon the

A

Death of the organism

130
Q

It is essential that the exoenzymes and endoenzymes of the body be ____________ after death to minimize the damage caused by autolysis

A

Neutralized

131
Q

Formaldehyde fluid has an affinity for

A

Nitrogen containing protein and protein derivatives like body enzymes

132
Q

The most commonly used solvent for arterial fluids and cavity fluids

A

Water

133
Q

The most commonly used vehicle of embalming fluid solutions

A

Water

134
Q

The universal solvent

A

Water

135
Q

The embalming process is described as the ___________, ________________, and _____________ of the dead human body

A

Disinfection, preservation, restoration

136
Q

The killing or removal of all pathogenic organisms from a substance

A

Disinfection

137
Q

The temporary halting of the natural decomposition processes which occur in a body after death

A

Preservation

138
Q

What are the two most common aldehyde compounds?

A

Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde

139
Q

There are __ members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids

A

3

140
Q

What are the three members of the alcohol compound family used in embalming fluids?

A

Ethanol
Methanol
Secondary propanol

141
Q

The most commonly used agents in the phenolic compound category are

A

Phenol and Cresol

142
Q

Preservative agents will neutralize the unstable chemical ions created by the ________________________ of protein and amino acids during hydrolytic autolysis

A

Deamination

Decarboxylization

143
Q

From the moment of somatic death to the beginning of the embalming process, the number of protein/amino acid molecules is

A

Increasing

144
Q

The number of ions present in the dead human body at the time of embalming

A

Preservative Demand aka Formaldehyde Demand

145
Q

The longer the period between death and embalming, the __________ the preservative demand

A

Higher

146
Q

The number of molecules of a preservative injected into the body in excess of the preservative demand

A

Preservative Residual

147
Q

Preservatives all inhibit the further decomposition of the body by creating a substance which is resistant to hydrolysis. What is this substance?

A

Protein coagulate

148
Q

Preservatives will inactivate the __________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming

A

Enzymes

149
Q

Preservatives all kill _________________ which are present in the body at the time of embalming

A

Microorganisms

150
Q

Preservatives will all destroy the ______ of decomposition and prevent their further production

A

Odor

151
Q

The odors of decomposition are actually ___________ of the decomposing body

A

Atomized Particles

152
Q

Formaldehyde is created by the

A

Oxidation of methanol

153
Q

An unstable compound much like Hydrogen peroxide in nature

A

Methylene Glycol

154
Q

Hydrogen peroxide can easily disassociate into

A

Water and Nascent oxygen

155
Q

Methylene glycol can disassociate or polymerize into

A

Water and formaldehyde gas

156
Q

Methylene glycol will polymerze into

A

Paraformaldehyde particulate

157
Q

This is known to be an effective anti-polymerization agent in embalming fluids

A

Methyl Alcohol

158
Q

Formaldehyde based substances have an affinity for

A

Nitrogen Based substances

159
Q

Lipid substances of the body do not contain

A

Nitrogen

160
Q

The lipids are encased in fibers of protein which contain

A

Nitrogen

161
Q

To avoid shell embalming, it is recommonded that the embalmer use

A

Low rate of flow and pressure; combination of continuous injection with intermittent drainage

MORS 200 - Sciences (25 decks)

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