Chemistry Exam 3 Flashcards
The study of compounds which contain carbon
organic chemistry
Comparison between organic (with element Carbon) and inorganic compounds.
In organic compounds the molecules are large.
All organic chemistry uses covalent bonding (sharing of electrons)
In chemical reactions of organic elements, the reaction is generally between molecules.
Organic chemistry occurs relatively slowly
Organic compounds are flammable
Major Classes of Organic compounds - for testing purposes – there are at least 10.
how many valence electrons does carbon contain in its outermost shell?
4
properties of carbon
combining capacity of 4 bonds
carbon-to-carbon
isomerism
allotropism
there are 4 basic elements with which carbon atoms will bond; one of those HAS to be a carbon atom. The other bonds will include _________, __________, and ________
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrogen
every organic compound contains a minimum of ____ of carbon
one atom
carbon atoms will only share __, ___, or ___ atoms when bonding
1,2,3
every carbon atom has to have at least ___ bonds
4
the maximum number of bonds any carbon atom can share with another carbon atom is ___, they will never share ____ ____
3
all 4
All carbon atoms have a total of 4 bonds, it will only share a maximum of 4 with another carbon atom. This is what is known as a
triple bond
the concept that organic compounds that have the same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas.
isomerism (isomers)
the ability of an element, such as carbon, to exist in one or more distinct forms
allotropism
what are the 5 formulas in organic chemistry
molecular structural line general typed
e.g. CH20 - a chemical formula that expresses the total number of atoms of the different elements making up a compound. This is the simplest type of a chemical formula
Molecular
a chemical formula shows the spatial arrangement of how the bonds are formed
Structural
e.g. H3 CH2 COH - a chemical formula written on a single line to conserve space
Line
R-C00H - a chemical formula that represents a specific class or family of organic compounds
General
At a minimum, a general formula will consist of two parts: what are they?
1) Represented by the capital letter R - radical.
In organic chemistry, a radical is a variable length chain of carbon atoms that has lost a Hydrogen.
2) The functional group -the part that makes it a unique member to that group of compounds.
an expression of the fixed ratio between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons
Typed
R-OH
Alcohol
R-CHO
Aldehyde
R-COOH
Cooh group
Organic acid
R-CO-R1 (pronounced R prime)
R core
Ketone
R-COO-R1 r coor
coors light beer with an s
Ester
R-O-R1
Roar the ether bunny
Ether
R-NH2
Amine
R-X
Alkyl halide
example of alcohol
hydroxyl
the most common ketone
dimethyl ketone
acetone nail polish remover
the x in the alkyl halide represents
that there is at least one atom of a halogen (salt former)
two most famous members of the alkyl halide
trichloromethane (chloroform) and tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)
Represented by the capital letter R; A variable length chain of carbon atoms that has lost a Hydrogen
radical
the simplest of the organic compounds that only consist of two elements - hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons which only possess single bonds between the carbon atoms in that compound’s longest chain.
Saturated
the family of saturated hydrocarbons which only contain a single bond present between carbon atom and the longest chain
Alkanes
typed formula for alkanes
Cn H2n+2
examples of alkanes
Methane (marsh or swamp gas)
Ethane (natural gas)
Propane (bar-b-q gas)
An alkane which has lost one of its hydrogen atoms. The only hydrocarbon that will ever have an odd number of hydrogen atoms. By itself any radical or alkyl group cannot exist.
alkyl
R e.g.: methyl, ethyl.
typed formula for alkyl group
Cn H2n+1
R stands for the alkyl groups and X for a member of the halogens or salt former. You must have at least one atom of the Halogen family present.
Alkyl Halide - RX –
any hydrocarbon which has the presence of at least one multiple bond. A multiple bond is either a double bond or triple bond.
Unsaturated
unsaturated hydrocarbons which has the presence of at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the longest chain
Alkenes
typed formula for alkenes
Cn H2n
example of an alkene
Ethene (ethylene)
a family of unsaturated hydrocarbons which has the presence of at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the longest chain
Alkynes
typed formula for alkynes
Cn H2n-2
example of an alkyne
Ethyne (acetylene)
any compound based on the benzene ring. A closed chain hydrocarbon. They have a distinct odor or aroma
aromatic
the parent compound of all aromatic compounds. A closed chain structure.
benzene
a group of six carbons in the shape of a hexagon and double triple bonds.
benzene ring
three symbols for benzene ring
smiling face
frowning face
lug nut
a solvent used in embalming. (a hazardous chemical)
toulene
used to cauterize (prevents leakage) and as a bleaching agent. THIS IS LISTED WITH TWO GROUPS
phenol
- organic compounds which contain one or more OH groups. The name of the OH functional group in organic chemistry is the hydroxyl group. Based on the number of OH groups in which the structure contains
alcohols
general formula for alcohol
R-OH
classifications of alcohols according to the number of OH groups
monohydroxy
dihydroxy
trhydroxy
polyhydroxy
any alcohol which only possesses one hydroxyl group
monohydroxy
two types of monohydroxy alcohols
primary
secondary
The OH group will always be attached to one or no other carbon atoms.
primary monohydroxy
First member of the alcohol family. Used commercially to manufacture formaldehyde. Used as an anti-polymerizing agent.
Methanol, Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol
another member of the primary monohydroxy alcohol discussed beside methanol
Ethanol, Ethyl, grain alcohol, booze
the carbon to which the single OH group is itself attached to exactly two (2) and only two (2) carbons.
secondary monohydroxy
an example of a secondary monohydroxy alcohol
2-propanol
isopropyl alcohol
rubbing alcohol
alcohols which contain exactly two OH groups
dihydroxy
example of dihydroxy alcohol
1,2 Ethanediol
alcohols which contain exactly three OH groups
Trihydroxy alcohol
examples of trihydroxy alcohols
Glycerine, Glycerol (Humectant in embalming)
alcohols which contain four or more OH groups
Polyhydroxy alcohol
example of polyhydroxy alcohol
Sorbitol - used as a humectant in embalming
Cauterizer (prevents leakage) and as a bleaching agent. THIS IS LISTED IN TWO GROUPS
Phenol or Carbolic Acid
