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Trakesha's 4th Quarter > Chemistry Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sometimes a group of atoms behaves as if it were a single atom. This group has its own charge and name and is called a

A

radical or a polyatomic ion

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2
Q

Remembering the polyatomic ions

A

NICK the CAMEL ate a BABY CLAM for SUPPER in PHOENIX

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3
Q

To determine the total number of atoms of any element in any compound follow these steps:

A
  1. take the coefficient (if present)
  2. multiply by subscript (if present)
  3. multiply those by number outside parentheses (if present)
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4
Q

SELECTED ELEMENTS

A

Hydrogen
Halogens
Nitrogen
Oxygen

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5
Q

a selected element; the most abundant element in the universe. 93% of all elements in the universe is this. Only element on the periodic table that DOES NOT contain neutrons

A

hydrogen

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6
Q

a selected element; All have 7 valence electrons in the outer most shell. In their ionic state have a negative number

A

halogens

salt formers or group VII elements

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7
Q

a selected element; most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere

A

nitrogen

occurrence

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8
Q

a selected element; most abundant element on the surface of the earth

A

oxygen

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9
Q

types of halogens

A

chlorine
fluorine
bromine
iodine

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10
Q

a type of halogen that is used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant

A

chlorine

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11
Q

the most abundant compound on earth

A

water

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12
Q

dealing with the compound water; the splitting or tearing apart of compounds by the addition of water. ‹‹‹‹‹‹——this definition is more important in funeral service.
A chemical reaction between a salt and water which yields or produces an acid and base of unequal strength (KNOW BOTH DEFINITIONS)

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

dealing with the compound water; the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water

A

hardness

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14
Q

dealing with the compound water; compounds in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize

A

Hydrates

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15
Q

dealing with the compound water; removal or loss of water or moisture from a substance. Decreases secondary dilution. The dead human body especially the face and lips.

A

Dehydration

desiccation

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16
Q

hard water will cause the blood to do what in a dead human body?

A

clot

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17
Q

water hardness that can be removed by boiling

A

Temporary hardness

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18
Q

water hardness that CANNOT be removed by boiling.

A

Permanent hardness

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19
Q 
The disassociation (breaking apart) of a substance in solution into ions. 
Example: putting salt in water
A

ionization

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20
Q

dealing with ionization; a positively charged atom or group of atoms, i.e. sodium

A

Cation

“cat” ions

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21
Q

dealing with ionization; a negatively charged atom or group of atoms, i.e. chlorine

A

Anion

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22
Q

dealing with ionization; percentage of hydrogen ion in solution

A

pH

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23
Q

dealing with ionization; The chemical reaction between an acid and a base that will always form a salt and water

A

Neutralization

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24
Q

dealing with ionization; The compounds formed, other than water, in the chemical reaction between an acids and bases

A

Salts

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25
Q

dealing with ionization; have a pH of less than 7

A

Acids - acidic pH

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26
Q

dealing with ionization; have a pH above 7

A

Bases - alkaline pH

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27
Q

If you start out with a salt and water

A

hydrolysis

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28
Q

If you start with an acid and base

A

neutralization

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29
Q

To check a solution to being acidic or alkaline is by an indicator paper called

A

litmus paper

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30
Q

litmus paper comes in what two colors?

A

red or blue

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31
Q

The normal color of alkaline or basic pH when tested with a red litmus paper will turn the paper

A

blue

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32
Q

If blue litmus paper is used to test of an acidic solution it will turn the litmus paper

A

red

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33
Q

White on litmus paper would indicate

A

that it is neutral

pH of 7

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34
Q

theories on Acids:

substance which yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution. This definition is chemically correct

A

Arrhenius

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35
Q

theories on Acids: acids which donates a proton. A false theory

A

Bronsted - Lowry

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36
Q

theories on Acids: acids that accepts a pair of electrons. (His error was that electrons don’t have to be in pairs)

A

Lewis

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37
Q

theories on Bases: yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution

A

Arrhenius

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38
Q

theories on Bases: a substance that accepts or gains a proton. A false theory

A

Bronsted - Lowry

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39
Q

theories on Bases: a substance that donates a pair of electrons

A

Lewis

40
Q

physical properties of oxygen

A

an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas. It is heavier than air

41
Q

Chemical properties of oxygen

A
  • Combines with most elements to produce compounds called oxides.
  • Supports combustion (defined) - a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced - usually accompanied by a flame.
  • Acts as an oxidizing agent.
42
Q

compounds which contain two (2) elements one of which is oxygen.

A

oxides

43
Q

oxidation can be defined in four ways

A

1) the addition of oxygen from a substance
2) the removal of hydrogen from a substance
3) increase in the oxidation number of an atom
4) the loss of electrons in reaction

44
Q

reduction can be defined in four ways

A

1) loss or removal of oxygen from a substance
2) gain or addition of hydrogen to a substance
3) a decrease in charge or oxidation number of an atom
4) gain of electrons during reaction

45
Q

redox _______ occur independently of each other

A

will never

46
Q

LEO GERs

A

Oxidation- loss of electrons

Reduction- gain of electrons

47
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss of electrons

reduction is gain of electrons

48
Q

**

A

In redox reactions, one substance is oxidized and another substance is reduced. A comparison of oxidation numbers can be made of the elements on the reactant side of the equation to the same elements on the product side. This comparison will determine which substance has been oxidized and which substance has been reduced

49
Q

oxidizing agent is

A

reduced

50
Q

reducing agent is

A

oxidized

51
Q

whatever is oxidized

A

losses

52
Q

whatever is reduced is

A

gained

53
Q

Who says “Your loss is my gain”?

A

oxidizing agent

54
Q

Who says “Sorry about that”?

A

reducing agent

55
Q

_______ solutions (crystalloids) are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances

A

true

56
Q

A/An ______ solution is one which contains water

A

aqueous

57
Q

A solid solution known as a/an ______ is a metallic substance composed of two or more metallic substances

A

alloy

58
Q

The component of a solution that is present in greatest quantity is called the _______

A

solvent

59
Q

Solutions which contain relatively low concentrations of solute are called _____ solutions

A

dilute

60
Q

Solutions which contain relatively high concentrations of solute are called ___________ solutions

A

concentrated

61
Q

The component of a solution that is dissolved is called the ______

A

solute

62
Q

The substance of a solution which does the dissolving is the ________

A

solvent

63
Q

Relative to embalming fluids, a synonym for the solvent of water would be called the ______

A

vehicle

64
Q

The amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent at saturation describes _____________.

A

saturation point

65
Q

three qualitative terms

A

saturated
unsaturated
supersaturated

66
Q

any solution which contains the maximum amount of solute which is capable of being dissolved at standard temperature and pressure

A

saturated

67
Q

any solution which contains less than the maximum amount of solute which is capable of being dissolved

A

unsaturated

68
Q

any solution which contains more solute than it is capable of dissolving.

A

supersaturated

69
Q

When formaldehyde gas is dissolved in water the resulting solution is called _______

A

formalin

70
Q

how are concentrations of solutions quantitatively expressed

A

ratio method
percentage method
parts per million

71
Q

part solution to parts solute

A

ratio

72
Q

percent of solution to percent of solute

A

percentage method

73
Q

cubits of air

A

parts per million

ppm

74
Q

TWA

A

0.75 ppm

75
Q

STEL

A

2 ppm

76
Q

Action Level

A

0.5 ppm

77
Q

The number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas in 100 milliliters of solutions defines ______

A

index

78
Q

The diffusion of fluids thru semipermeable membranes or porous partitions describes __________.

A

osmosis

79
Q

does not need a semipermeable membrane

A

diffusion

80
Q

Two solutions of equal concentrations

A

isotonic

81
Q

meaning more or excessive solute

A

hypertonic solution

82
Q

meaning less or below - less solute

A

hypotonic solution

83
Q

In addition to true solutions, other solution like systems are _________ and _________ which differ primarily in particle size

A

emulsions

suspensions

84
Q

Inasmuch as solutions are diffusible, they therefore lend themselves to ______ which is diffusion through membranes

A

osmosis

85
Q

Two solutions that have the same solute concentration are said to be _______

A

isotonic

86
Q

A ________ solution is one that contains a lower solute concentration that of the other solution.
This type solution may cause cells to burst which results in _________

A

hypotonic

hemolysis

87
Q

Edematous remains would require a more __________ solution in order to __________ from body tissues

A

hypertonic (plasmoptysis)

withdraw moisture

88
Q

a ________ solution is one that contains a higher solute concentration than the opposing solution. This, in turn will cause body cells to SHRINK which is called __________

A

hypertonic

crenation (plasmolysis)

89
Q

Dehydrated bodies should be injected with a ________ solution

A

hypotonic

90
Q

edematous bodies should be injected with a ________ solution

A

hypertonic

91
Q

another type of solution like substance only designated by particle size. Examples are blood plasma and egg white solution, mayonnaise; also oil and vinegar.

A

emulsions

92
Q

mixtures such as milk of magnesia

A

suspensions

93
Q

a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced - usually accompanied by a flame.

A

combustion

94
Q

Does oxygen burn?

A

no, it supports combustion

95
Q

a slow oxidation that develops by itself into combustion.

A

Spontaneous combustion

96
Q

NH(4)

A

Ammonium +1 is the only one

97
Q

Hydroxide
Cyanide
Hypochlorite

A

OH -1
CN -1
OCl -1

Trakesha's 4th Quarter (20 decks)

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