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B1 > Chemistry #1 > Flashcards

Chemistry #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Maltose is produced from the breakdown of which of the following?

Starch

Lactose

Sucrose

Protein

A

Starch

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2
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for oxidative decarboxylation during carbohydrate metabolism?

Pyridoxine

Biotin

Thiamine

Ascorbic acid

A

Thiamine (B1)

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3
Q

The final products of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate are:

Carbon dioxide and water

Pyruvate and lactate

Urea and ammonia

Urea and carbon dioxide

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by which hormone?

Insulin

Cortisol

Thyroxine

Estrogen

A

Cortisol

*If cortisol is not available as an answer, choose epinephrine.

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5
Q

Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose molecules?

Fructose

Mannose

Maltose

Sucrose

A

Maltose

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6
Q

What type of reaction makes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from aspartate + asparagine?

Transamination

Decarboxylation

Carboxylation

Dehydrogenation

A

Transmination

*Transamination will convert sugar into an amino acid.

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7
Q

The catabolism of glucose begins with the transferring of phosphate groups from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by:

Hexokinase

Transglucokinase

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructoglucose isomerase

A

Hexokinase

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8
Q

Excessive fluoride in drinking water will cause:

Brittle teeth

Softened pulp cavity

Discoloration of teeth

Abdominal cramping

A

discoloration of teeth

*Brownish usually

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9
Q

Which of the following is the sugar component of ATP?

Xylose

Glucose

Sucrose

Ribose

A

Ribose

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10
Q

Which is a non-reducing sugar?

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

Glucose

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

The most common bond between the glucose moieties in glycogen is:

Alpha 1-4

Alpha 1-6

Beta 1-4

Alpha 1-3

A

Alpha 1-4

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12
Q

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it:

Is a disaccharide

Undergoes mutarotation

Promotes glycogenolysis

Metabolizes

A

undergoes mutarotation

*left and right rotation

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13
Q

Which carbohydrate is the most prevalent sugar in blood plasma?

Ribulose

Glucose

Fructose

Sucrose

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What is a six-membered ring of a monosaccharide called?

Pyrimidine

Pyrose

Pyranose

Pyrrole

A

Pyranose

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15
Q

Which carbon, on a 6-carbon fatty acid, determines the D versus L configuration of a sugar carbon?

1

2

5

6

A

5

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16
Q

Which of the following can be catabolized anaerobically?

Cholesterol

Glucose

Proteins

Amino acids

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Which of the following is classified as a complex carbohydrate?

Fructose

Lactose

Amylose

Ribose

A

Amylose

*Amy is a complex girl

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18
Q

Which of the following occurs with a low carbohydrate diet?

Lipogenesis

Ketosis

Glucogenesis

Fatty acid mobilization

A

Glucogenesis

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19
Q

Which dietary carbohydrate does NOT require digestion before being absorbed?

Glycogen

Maltose

Fructose

Sucrose

A

Fructose

*monosaccharide!

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20
Q

What are the products of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Monoglycerides and diglycerides

Glycerol and fatty acids

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

Dietary fiber is described as:

Undigestible lipids

Undigestible carbohydrates

Hydrolyzable disaccharides

Unmetabolizable monosaccharides

A

Undigestible Carbs

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22
Q

Galactose is the product in the digestion of:

Glucose

Fructose

Lactose

Maltose

A

Lactose

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23
Q

Which diet will most likely produce ketosis?

Low carbohydrate

Low fat

High carbohydrate

High calorie

A

Low Carb

24
Q

Fat mobilization is promoted by ___ and inhibited by ___.

Epinephrine; insulin

Epinephrine; glycogen

Insulin; glycogen

Glycogen; epinephrine

A

Epinephrine; insulin

25
Q

Glycolysis stimulates which of the following?

Gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle cells

Lipid storage in fat cells

Lipid breakdown in liver cells

Glycolysis in skeletal muscle cells

A

lipid storage in fat cells

26
Q

What enhances the biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue?

Decreased serum glucose

Increased serum epinephrine

Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells

Insulin deficiency

A

Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells

27
Q

An intermediate in gluconeogenesis from lipids is:

Acetyl CoA

Glycerol-3-phosphate

Palmitate

Terpene

A

Glycerol - 3 - phosphate

28
Q

Bile accomplishes which of the following?

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

Hydrolysis of proteins

Hydrolysis of fats

Emulsification of fats

A

Emulsification of fats

29
Q

Cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by:

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Insulin

A

insulin

*bob the builder

**Glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine inhibit cholesterol synthesis

30
Q

The presence of which of the following metabolites in the blood inhibits the production of cholesterol by the liver?

Phospholipids

Triacylglycerides

Cholesterol

Lipoprotein

A

Cholesterol

31
Q

Chylomicrons are synthesized by ___ cells.

Blood

Liver

Intestinal

Stomach

A

intestinal

32
Q

Fatty acid oxidation yields more energy per gram than does sugar oxidation because fatty acids:

Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugars

Do not have to expend ATP energy to enter glycolysis, sugars do

Can use the Krebs cycle, sugars cannot

Can be fully oxidized to CO2, sugars cannot

A

Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugar

33
Q

With the normal process of biosynthesis, which of the following is the most vital part of the lipid bilayer?

Ketone bodies

Polypeptide

Triacylglycerides

Phosphatide

A

phosphatide

*keytones are produced from fat metabolism

34
Q

Which is a complex lipid which contains carbohydrates in their structure?

Cerebroside

Cephalin

Sphingomyelin

Lecithin

A

Cerebroside

*Sphingomyelinase deficiency is called Niemann-Pick disease. This causes severe muscle wasting and loss of life within the first three years.

35
Q

Transfer of fatty acids to cytoplasm of the mitochondrial matrix is by way of:

Citrate

Carnitine

Biotin

Malonyl CoA

A

Cartitine

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT an essential fatty acid?

Arachidonic

Linoleic

Linolenic

Palmitic

A

Palmitic

16:0

37
Q

Which classes of compounds constitute major components of dietary lipids?

Phospholipids

Sphingolipids

Fatty acids

Triacylglycerols

A

Triacyglycerols

38
Q

Which is a bond between glycerol and fatty acids?

Glycosidic

Ester

Peptide

Hydrogen

A

Ester

39
Q

When a polar lipid such as lecithin is suspended in water, a bimolecular layer is spontaneously formed to:

Decrease bonding potential

Hide the hydrophilic tails and expose the hydrophobic heads

Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads

Form phosphate bonds

A

Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads

40
Q

Which of the following is absorbed into the lymphatics to a greater extent than in the blood during the process of digestion?

Protein

Amino acids

Carbohydrates

Fats

A

Fats

41
Q

Which of the following oils has the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Olive oil

Cod liver oil

Palm oil

Corn oil

A

Olive Oil

42
Q

Which of the following fatty acids is NOT endogenously synthesized in the body?

Palmitic

Palmitoleic

Oleic

Linoleic

A

Linoleic

*Linoleic acid is essential. therefore, it has to be ingested “exogenously.”

43
Q

Which of the following is the major dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Plant seed oil

Egg yolk

Cold water fish oil

Liver

A

Cold water fish oil

44
Q

___is an oil which is highly saturated:

Safflower

Peanut

Coconut

Corn

A

Coconut

“I SAT on a coconut”

45
Q

The first stage of protein synthesis includes:

Promotion

Initiation

Elongation

Activation

A

Activation

    1. activation of aminos, 2. Initiation of polypeptide chain
      1. Elongation
      2. Termination
      3. Folding and processing
46
Q

Where is the primary site of amino acid metabolism?

Heart

Lung

Stomach

Liver

A

Liver

47
Q

Nitrogen is excreted in protein catabolism combined for use with:

Amino acid

Glucose

Fatty acid

Uric acid

A

Amino Acids

48
Q

Thyroid hormone biosynthesis includes iodination of which amino acid?

Alanine

Cystine

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

A

Tyrosine

49
Q

From which amino acid is niacin synthesized?

Tryptophan

Valine

Methionine

Histidine

A

Tryptophan

*Tryptophan mostly makes what ends in “N.”

50
Q

What is the cause of phenylketonuria?

Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

Supplementation with phenylalanine

Increased phenylpyruvic acid

Decreased phenylalanine in the blood

A

Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

51
Q

Which amino acid directly supplies the amino group of synthesis of other amino acids?

Glutamine

Histidine

Threonine

Lysine

A

Glutamine

52
Q

The most common amino acid in the production of renal ammonia is:

Arginine

Aspartic acid

Glutamine

Alanine

A

Glutamine

53
Q

What amino acid is not optically active?

Cystine

Leucine

Lysine

Glycine

A

Glycine

*Optically active amino acids can rotate plane-polarized light in one direction or the other. Glycine is the ONLY amino acid that is not optically active!

54
Q

What amino acid is predominant in the transport of nitrogen between organs?

Citrulline and aspartate

Alanine and aspartate

Glutamine and arginine

Alanine and glutamine

A

Alanine and Glutamine

55
Q

What is the term for an amino acid ion that has both positive and negative regions of charge?

Dual ion

Zwitterion

Proto ion

Cation

A

Zwitterion

- and +

B1 (17 decks)

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