Chemistry #1 Flashcards
Maltose is produced from the breakdown of which of the following?
Starch
Lactose
Sucrose
Protein
Starch
Which vitamin is necessary for oxidative decarboxylation during carbohydrate metabolism?
Pyridoxine
Biotin
Thiamine
Ascorbic acid
Thiamine (B1)
The final products of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate are:
Carbon dioxide and water
Pyruvate and lactate
Urea and ammonia
Urea and carbon dioxide
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by which hormone?
Insulin
Cortisol
Thyroxine
Estrogen
Cortisol
*If cortisol is not available as an answer, choose epinephrine.
Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose molecules?
Fructose
Mannose
Maltose
Sucrose
Maltose
What type of reaction makes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from aspartate + asparagine?
Transamination
Decarboxylation
Carboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Transmination
*Transamination will convert sugar into an amino acid.
The catabolism of glucose begins with the transferring of phosphate groups from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by:
Hexokinase
Transglucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructoglucose isomerase
Hexokinase
Excessive fluoride in drinking water will cause:
Brittle teeth
Softened pulp cavity
Discoloration of teeth
Abdominal cramping
discoloration of teeth
*Brownish usually
Which of the following is the sugar component of ATP?
Xylose
Glucose
Sucrose
Ribose
Ribose
Which is a non-reducing sugar?
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Glucose
Sucrose
The most common bond between the glucose moieties in glycogen is:
Alpha 1-4
Alpha 1-6
Beta 1-4
Alpha 1-3
Alpha 1-4
Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it:
Is a disaccharide
Undergoes mutarotation
Promotes glycogenolysis
Metabolizes
undergoes mutarotation
*left and right rotation
Which carbohydrate is the most prevalent sugar in blood plasma?
Ribulose
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose
What is a six-membered ring of a monosaccharide called?
Pyrimidine
Pyrose
Pyranose
Pyrrole
Pyranose
Which carbon, on a 6-carbon fatty acid, determines the D versus L configuration of a sugar carbon?
1
2
5
6
5
Which of the following can be catabolized anaerobically?
Cholesterol
Glucose
Proteins
Amino acids
Glucose
Which of the following is classified as a complex carbohydrate?
Fructose
Lactose
Amylose
Ribose
Amylose
*Amy is a complex girl
Which of the following occurs with a low carbohydrate diet?
Lipogenesis
Ketosis
Glucogenesis
Fatty acid mobilization
Glucogenesis
Which dietary carbohydrate does NOT require digestion before being absorbed?
Glycogen
Maltose
Fructose
Sucrose
Fructose
*monosaccharide!
What are the products of carbohydrate digestion?
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monoglycerides and diglycerides
Glycerol and fatty acids
monosaccharides
Dietary fiber is described as:
Undigestible lipids
Undigestible carbohydrates
Hydrolyzable disaccharides
Unmetabolizable monosaccharides
Undigestible Carbs
Galactose is the product in the digestion of:
Glucose
Fructose
Lactose
Maltose
Lactose
Which diet will most likely produce ketosis?
Low carbohydrate
Low fat
High carbohydrate
High calorie
Low Carb
Fat mobilization is promoted by ___ and inhibited by ___.
Epinephrine; insulin
Epinephrine; glycogen
Insulin; glycogen
Glycogen; epinephrine
Epinephrine; insulin
Glycolysis stimulates which of the following?
Gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle cells
Lipid storage in fat cells
Lipid breakdown in liver cells
Glycolysis in skeletal muscle cells
lipid storage in fat cells
What enhances the biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue?
Decreased serum glucose
Increased serum epinephrine
Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells
Insulin deficiency
Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells
An intermediate in gluconeogenesis from lipids is:
Acetyl CoA
Glycerol-3-phosphate
Palmitate
Terpene
Glycerol - 3 - phosphate
Bile accomplishes which of the following?
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
Hydrolysis of proteins
Hydrolysis of fats
Emulsification of fats
Emulsification of fats
Cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by:
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Insulin
insulin
*bob the builder
**Glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine inhibit cholesterol synthesis
The presence of which of the following metabolites in the blood inhibits the production of cholesterol by the liver?
Phospholipids
Triacylglycerides
Cholesterol
Lipoprotein
Cholesterol
Chylomicrons are synthesized by ___ cells.
Blood
Liver
Intestinal
Stomach
intestinal
Fatty acid oxidation yields more energy per gram than does sugar oxidation because fatty acids:
Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugars
Do not have to expend ATP energy to enter glycolysis, sugars do
Can use the Krebs cycle, sugars cannot
Can be fully oxidized to CO2, sugars cannot
Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugar
With the normal process of biosynthesis, which of the following is the most vital part of the lipid bilayer?
Ketone bodies
Polypeptide
Triacylglycerides
Phosphatide
phosphatide
*keytones are produced from fat metabolism
Which is a complex lipid which contains carbohydrates in their structure?
Cerebroside
Cephalin
Sphingomyelin
Lecithin
Cerebroside
*Sphingomyelinase deficiency is called Niemann-Pick disease. This causes severe muscle wasting and loss of life within the first three years.
Transfer of fatty acids to cytoplasm of the mitochondrial matrix is by way of:
Citrate
Carnitine
Biotin
Malonyl CoA
Cartitine
Which of the following is NOT an essential fatty acid?
Arachidonic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Palmitic
Palmitic
16:0
Which classes of compounds constitute major components of dietary lipids?
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Triacyglycerols
Which is a bond between glycerol and fatty acids?
Glycosidic
Ester
Peptide
Hydrogen
Ester
When a polar lipid such as lecithin is suspended in water, a bimolecular layer is spontaneously formed to:
Decrease bonding potential
Hide the hydrophilic tails and expose the hydrophobic heads
Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads
Form phosphate bonds
Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads
Which of the following is absorbed into the lymphatics to a greater extent than in the blood during the process of digestion?
Protein
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Fats
Fats
Which of the following oils has the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Olive oil
Cod liver oil
Palm oil
Corn oil
Olive Oil
Which of the following fatty acids is NOT endogenously synthesized in the body?
Palmitic
Palmitoleic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linoleic
*Linoleic acid is essential. therefore, it has to be ingested “exogenously.”
Which of the following is the major dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids?
Plant seed oil
Egg yolk
Cold water fish oil
Liver
Cold water fish oil
___is an oil which is highly saturated:
Safflower
Peanut
Coconut
Corn
Coconut
“I SAT on a coconut”
The first stage of protein synthesis includes:
Promotion
Initiation
Elongation
Activation
Activation
- activation of aminos, 2. Initiation of polypeptide chain
- Elongation
- Termination
- Folding and processing
- activation of aminos, 2. Initiation of polypeptide chain
Where is the primary site of amino acid metabolism?
Heart
Lung
Stomach
Liver
Liver
Nitrogen is excreted in protein catabolism combined for use with:
Amino acid
Glucose
Fatty acid
Uric acid
Amino Acids
Thyroid hormone biosynthesis includes iodination of which amino acid?
Alanine
Cystine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tyrosine
From which amino acid is niacin synthesized?
Tryptophan
Valine
Methionine
Histidine
Tryptophan
*Tryptophan mostly makes what ends in “N.”
What is the cause of phenylketonuria?
Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Supplementation with phenylalanine
Increased phenylpyruvic acid
Decreased phenylalanine in the blood
Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Which amino acid directly supplies the amino group of synthesis of other amino acids?
Glutamine
Histidine
Threonine
Lysine
Glutamine
The most common amino acid in the production of renal ammonia is:
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Glutamine
Alanine
Glutamine
What amino acid is not optically active?
Cystine
Leucine
Lysine
Glycine
Glycine
*Optically active amino acids can rotate plane-polarized light in one direction or the other. Glycine is the ONLY amino acid that is not optically active!
What amino acid is predominant in the transport of nitrogen between organs?
Citrulline and aspartate
Alanine and aspartate
Glutamine and arginine
Alanine and glutamine
Alanine and Glutamine
What is the term for an amino acid ion that has both positive and negative regions of charge?
Dual ion
Zwitterion
Proto ion
Cation
Zwitterion
- and +
