Chemistry #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Maltose is produced from the breakdown of which of the following?

Starch

Lactose

Sucrose

Protein

A

Starch

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2
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for oxidative decarboxylation during carbohydrate metabolism?

Pyridoxine

Biotin

Thiamine

Ascorbic acid

A

Thiamine (B1)

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3
Q

The final products of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate are:

Carbon dioxide and water

Pyruvate and lactate

Urea and ammonia

Urea and carbon dioxide

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by which hormone?

Insulin

Cortisol

Thyroxine

Estrogen

A

Cortisol

*If cortisol is not available as an answer, choose epinephrine.

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5
Q

Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose molecules?

Fructose

Mannose

Maltose

Sucrose

A

Maltose

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6
Q

What type of reaction makes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from aspartate + asparagine?

Transamination

Decarboxylation

Carboxylation

Dehydrogenation

A

Transmination

*Transamination will convert sugar into an amino acid.

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7
Q

The catabolism of glucose begins with the transferring of phosphate groups from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by:

Hexokinase

Transglucokinase

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructoglucose isomerase

A

Hexokinase

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8
Q

Excessive fluoride in drinking water will cause:

Brittle teeth

Softened pulp cavity

Discoloration of teeth

Abdominal cramping

A

discoloration of teeth

*Brownish usually

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9
Q

Which of the following is the sugar component of ATP?

Xylose

Glucose

Sucrose

Ribose

A

Ribose

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10
Q

Which is a non-reducing sugar?

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

Glucose

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

The most common bond between the glucose moieties in glycogen is:

Alpha 1-4

Alpha 1-6

Beta 1-4

Alpha 1-3

A

Alpha 1-4

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12
Q

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it:

Is a disaccharide

Undergoes mutarotation

Promotes glycogenolysis

Metabolizes

A

undergoes mutarotation

*left and right rotation

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13
Q

Which carbohydrate is the most prevalent sugar in blood plasma?

Ribulose

Glucose

Fructose

Sucrose

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What is a six-membered ring of a monosaccharide called?

Pyrimidine

Pyrose

Pyranose

Pyrrole

A

Pyranose

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15
Q

Which carbon, on a 6-carbon fatty acid, determines the D versus L configuration of a sugar carbon?

1

2

5

6

A

5

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16
Q

Which of the following can be catabolized anaerobically?

Cholesterol

Glucose

Proteins

Amino acids

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Which of the following is classified as a complex carbohydrate?

Fructose

Lactose

Amylose

Ribose

A

Amylose

*Amy is a complex girl

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18
Q

Which of the following occurs with a low carbohydrate diet?

Lipogenesis

Ketosis

Glucogenesis

Fatty acid mobilization

A

Glucogenesis

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19
Q

Which dietary carbohydrate does NOT require digestion before being absorbed?

Glycogen

Maltose

Fructose

Sucrose

A

Fructose

*monosaccharide!

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20
Q

What are the products of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Monoglycerides and diglycerides

Glycerol and fatty acids

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

Dietary fiber is described as:

Undigestible lipids

Undigestible carbohydrates

Hydrolyzable disaccharides

Unmetabolizable monosaccharides

A

Undigestible Carbs

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22
Q

Galactose is the product in the digestion of:

Glucose

Fructose

Lactose

Maltose

A

Lactose

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23
Q

Which diet will most likely produce ketosis?

Low carbohydrate

Low fat

High carbohydrate

High calorie

24
Q

Fat mobilization is promoted by ___ and inhibited by ___.

Epinephrine; insulin

Epinephrine; glycogen

Insulin; glycogen

Glycogen; epinephrine

A

Epinephrine; insulin

25
Glycolysis stimulates which of the following? Gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle cells Lipid storage in fat cells Lipid breakdown in liver cells Glycolysis in skeletal muscle cells
lipid storage in fat cells
26
What enhances the biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue? Decreased serum glucose Increased serum epinephrine Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells Insulin deficiency
Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells
27
An intermediate in gluconeogenesis from lipids is: Acetyl CoA Glycerol-3-phosphate Palmitate Terpene
Glycerol - 3 - phosphate
28
Bile accomplishes which of the following? Hydrolysis of carbohydrates Hydrolysis of proteins Hydrolysis of fats Emulsification of fats
Emulsification of fats
29
Cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by: Glucagon Epinephrine Norepinephrine Insulin
insulin *bob the builder **Glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine inhibit cholesterol synthesis
30
The presence of which of the following metabolites in the blood inhibits the production of cholesterol by the liver? Phospholipids Triacylglycerides Cholesterol Lipoprotein
Cholesterol
31
Chylomicrons are synthesized by ___ cells. Blood Liver Intestinal Stomach
intestinal
32
Fatty acid oxidation yields more energy per gram than does sugar oxidation because fatty acids: Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugars Do not have to expend ATP energy to enter glycolysis, sugars do Can use the Krebs cycle, sugars cannot Can be fully oxidized to CO2, sugars cannot
Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugar
33
With the normal process of biosynthesis, which of the following is the most vital part of the lipid bilayer? Ketone bodies Polypeptide Triacylglycerides Phosphatide
phosphatide *keytones are produced from fat metabolism
34
Which is a complex lipid which contains carbohydrates in their structure? Cerebroside Cephalin Sphingomyelin Lecithin
Cerebroside *Sphingomyelinase deficiency is called Niemann-Pick disease. This causes severe muscle wasting and loss of life within the first three years.
35
Transfer of fatty acids to cytoplasm of the mitochondrial matrix is by way of: Citrate Carnitine Biotin Malonyl CoA
Cartitine
36
Which of the following is NOT an essential fatty acid? Arachidonic Linoleic Linolenic Palmitic
Palmitic 16:0
37
Which classes of compounds constitute major components of dietary lipids? Phospholipids Sphingolipids Fatty acids Triacylglycerols
Triacyglycerols
38
Which is a bond between glycerol and fatty acids? Glycosidic Ester Peptide Hydrogen
Ester
39
When a polar lipid such as lecithin is suspended in water, a bimolecular layer is spontaneously formed to: Decrease bonding potential Hide the hydrophilic tails and expose the hydrophobic heads Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads Form phosphate bonds
Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads
40
Which of the following is absorbed into the lymphatics to a greater extent than in the blood during the process of digestion? Protein Amino acids Carbohydrates Fats
Fats
41
Which of the following oils has the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids? Olive oil Cod liver oil Palm oil Corn oil
Olive Oil
42
Which of the following fatty acids is NOT endogenously synthesized in the body? Palmitic Palmitoleic Oleic Linoleic
Linoleic *Linoleic acid is essential. therefore, it has to be ingested "exogenously."
43
Which of the following is the major dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids? Plant seed oil Egg yolk Cold water fish oil Liver
Cold water fish oil
44
___is an oil which is highly saturated: Safflower Peanut Coconut Corn
Coconut "I SAT on a coconut"
45
The first stage of protein synthesis includes: Promotion Initiation Elongation Activation
Activation * 1. activation of aminos, 2. Initiation of polypeptide chain 3. Elongation 4. Termination 5. Folding and processing
46
Where is the primary site of amino acid metabolism? Heart Lung Stomach Liver
Liver
47
Nitrogen is excreted in protein catabolism combined for use with: Amino acid Glucose Fatty acid Uric acid
Amino Acids
48
Thyroid hormone biosynthesis includes iodination of which amino acid? Alanine Cystine Phenylalanine Tyrosine
Tyrosine
49
From which amino acid is niacin synthesized? Tryptophan Valine Methionine Histidine
Tryptophan *Tryptophan mostly makes what ends in "N."
50
What is the cause of phenylketonuria? Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine Supplementation with phenylalanine Increased phenylpyruvic acid Decreased phenylalanine in the blood
Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
51
Which amino acid directly supplies the amino group of synthesis of other amino acids? Glutamine Histidine Threonine Lysine
Glutamine
52
The most common amino acid in the production of renal ammonia is: Arginine Aspartic acid Glutamine Alanine
Glutamine
53
What amino acid is not optically active? Cystine Leucine Lysine Glycine
Glycine *Optically active amino acids can rotate plane-polarized light in one direction or the other. Glycine is the ONLY amino acid that is not optically active!
54
What amino acid is predominant in the transport of nitrogen between organs? Citrulline and aspartate Alanine and aspartate Glutamine and arginine Alanine and glutamine
Alanine and Glutamine
55
What is the term for an amino acid ion that has both positive and negative regions of charge? Dual ion Zwitterion Proto ion Cation
Zwitterion | - and +