Chem ch 1-2 Flashcards
What is chemistry
Study of matter and how matter changes
What is matter
Anything that has volume and mass
Does chemistry affect our worldview
Yes
What is worldview
Perspective from which you see and interpret all life
Whats biblical worldview
How someone sees and interprets life using the bible as the guide
What presuppositions
Assumptions about the world
What do naturalists believe
Matter is all that exists and science is the only reliable path to truth
How can naturalists explain the origins of the universe
they have many ideas but nothing proves. It would involve chance, random incidents without a meaning or a purpose. it just happened
Model
Simplifies something in the world to explain, describe, or represent it
What are examples of models
atomic models and ecosystem models
How are scientific models useful
Workable and can help to predict
Without models we can’t understand…
How things work and how to solve problems
Do all scientific models fit within a biblical worldview
no
When did ancient chem start
3000 BC
Earliest mention of ancient chem was
Men worked with metals: iron, copper ore, bronze. Deut 8:9
What ancient time had apothecaries and what are they
Ancient egypt. Old school pharmacists
Greeks
Reasoned about nature of matter with no lab experiments at all
Alchemists
Romans, Egyptians, Arabs, and Europeans. Observation and experimentation. Some astrology and mysticism
Why did alchemists do this
Make gold out of common metal. Gain immortality through medicines
Good things alchemists did*
Discovered elements and acids. Started to create lab equipment and experiments
Modern chemistry
Developed atomic models. Elements discovered. Chem became academic discipline. Practical uses: fabric, paint, tools
How did alchemists advance science
They created observation and experimentation
Why is chemistry important
Diseases can be slowed down or cured
Human lifespan has been made longer
Quality of life has improved for many people
There is no cure for death
Is “the human condition will improve by evolution alone” a Biblical worldview
No
Is “every human who has ever lived will stand for judgement in front of the One who made them” a Biblical worldview
Yes
What does God want us to do (Creation Mandate)
Create products and solve problems
Weigh the consequences of actions
Seeking a balance
Does nature contradict the bible when science contradicts the bible and why
No. The scientist’s model is affected by his worldview that contradicts the bible
Which is an example of God’s mandate
A) Develop medicine and make lots of money from it
B) Developing a cure for cancer and giving it away for free
C) Live only for making money and being famous
D) Develop software to help people cheat on their taxes
B
How do we answer scientific questions
Start with observation
Quantitative vs qualitative
Quantitative: Numbers
Qualitative: Description
Deductive reasoning vs Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning: General to specific
Inductive reasoning: Known data to unknown general conclusion (if -> then)
Scientific method
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data collection
Conclusion
Retest
What hypothesis
Suggested solution to problem
Must be testable
Sometimes written as if then statements
Predicts outcome
Variables
Any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment
Dependent variable
Variable that you measure or observe
Independent variable
The one condition that you change in an experiment
Controlled variable aka constant variable
Variable that doesn’t change during an experiment
What does the experimenter do
Makes a special effort to keep other factors constant so that they won’t affect the outcome
What is purpose of a control
They are not being tested and used for comparison
What’s the conclusion
The answer to hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment
Why retest hypothesis
To verify the results
How to retest hypothesis
Surveys and using the results
What are the 2 types of science
Applied science and pure science
Applied science*
Explores natural products and processes for specific applications
Pure science
Probes nature to learn new things about the universe we live in
Why is it important to understand properties of matter and how matter reacts
Because we are surrounded by matter and it makes up everything
Where did matter come from
Matter was created ex nihilo by God. Gen 1
Ex nihilo
Out of nothing
Organization of matter
Mixtures and pure substances
How can we tell if a substance is pure or a mixture
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Physical properties*
We can measure without changing the material into another substance. Ex color, taste, texture, physical state
Which is a physical property of Cola
A) Brown color
B) It has bubbles
C) Tastes sweet
D) All
D
Density
Ratio of the mass of a substance compared to its volume
Formula of density
Mass/volume
Units for density
g/cm³ or g/ml
Malleability
How easily a material can be hammered into shapes
Ductility
Describes how easily materials can be drawn into thin wires
Conductivity
Ability of a material to transfer heat or electricity between its particles
Which is an example of a physical property
A) Glass isn’t an electrical conductor
B) Stretching a rubber band
C) M&Ms tastes sweet
D) All
D
What is not a physical property of copper wire
A) Orange color
B) Bends easily
C) Conducts electricity
D) Explosive in water
D
Particles
Atoms
Molecules
Atoms and molecules together
Chemical properties*
How matter acts when other materials are combined together (Concrete with water = hard substance)
How material changes composition when enough energy is added to it (gasoline on fire and iron rusts)
Gasoline is on fire, why is that a chemical property of gasoline
Something burning is a chemical change
Physical change*
Change in physical properties
Substance remains the same
Start with A end with A
Which is physical and chemical change
1) Boiling water in a pan
2) You lit a match
- P
- C
Pure substance
Consists of only 1 type of matter
Mixture*
Material that can be separated into 2 or more pure substances by physical changes
2 kinds of mixtures (74)
Heterogeneous aka suspension
Homogeneous aka solution
2 types pure substances (75)
Elements (silver)
Compounds (water)
Element
Pure substance that can’t be broken down into a simpler substance. Made up of only one kind of atom (gold)
Atoms*
Particles that make up elements. The smallest piece of an element that’s still the element
What are atoms made of
Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons
Ion
+ or- charged atom
T/F: Each element doesn’t have it’s own chemical symbol
False
Elements naturally occur in 3 categories
Monatomic (Ne, Ar)
Diatomic (O₂, H₂)
Polyatomic (O₃, S₈)
Molecules*
2 or more atoms chemically bonded together
Atoms of the same element or different elements
Compounds*
Molecules from 2 or more different elements that have been chemically bonded together
Formula
Tells the number of atoms of each element present
Subscript
A number that indicates the amount of atoms or groups of atoms in a formula
(H₂0 2 is subscript)
Coefficient
Number in front of a formula which tells how many molecules or atoms are present
(5Fe₂ 5 is coefficient)
Energy
Ability to do work
Six common forms of energy
Mechanical
Thermal
Acoustic
Electromagnetic
Chemical
Nuclear
Thermodynamics*
Studies movement and conversion of energy
1 law of thermodynamics aka law of energy conservation
Energy can’t be created nor destroyed
Energy is converted from 1 form to another
2nd law of thermodynamics aka entropy*
All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and minimum usable energy
Entropy naturally increases
Entropy
Measure of the disorder of a system
When was particle model of matter proposed and accepted
5th century BC and 1800s
Particle model of matter*
All matter consists of tiny particles
They move and collide randomly
Diffusion
Particles spreading apart (perfume in a room)
Kinetic energy (91)
Particles of matter are in constant motion
Internal energy of an object*
Potential + kinetic energies of the object’s particles
Thermal energy
Kinetic energy of the object’s particles
Temperature
Average kinetic energy of a system’s particles
Heat transfer
Transfer of thermal energy between 2 objects or substances
What is heat the quantity of
Thermal energy transferred from 1 object to another
T/F Heat is the same as temperature
False
Exothermic
Releases energy to the surroundings
Endothermic
Absorbs energy from the surroundings
Temperature scales used most often in chemistry
Celsius scale
Kelvin scale= basic metric unit of temperature
3rd law of thermodynamics
It’s impossible to reach absolute zero
What’s absolute zero
0 kelvins
Calorie
How much heat is needed to change the temperature of one gram of water one degree celcius
Kilocalorie
1000 x calorie
1 kilocalorie
1000 x calorie = 1 calorie
2 kind of forces in every form of matter
Kinetic particles move around
Particles are attracted to each other
Kinetic molecular theory- Solid
Particles’ attractive forces > kinetic energy between particles
Particles are in relatively fixed positions with set distances between them
Kinetic molecular theory- Liquid
Particles partially overcome the attractive forces between them
Particles can move about but remain close to each other
Kinetic molecular theory- Gas
Particles completely overcome the attractive forces between them
Particles possess a large amount of kinetic energy
Highly compressible
No definite shape
Kinetic molecular theory- Plasma
So much energy is absorbed by an atom that some or all of its electrons are stripped away forming a positive ion
Most common state of matter in the visible universe
Changes of common states of matter
Condensation: gas to liquid
Vaporization: liquid to gas
Freezing: liquid to solid
Melting: Solid to liquid
Sublimation: Solid to gas
Deposition: Gas to solid
