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9th grade > Chem ch 1-2 > Flashcards

Chem ch 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry

A

Study of matter and how matter changes

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2
Q

What is matter

A

Anything that has volume and mass

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3
Q

Does chemistry affect our worldview

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is worldview

A

Perspective from which you see and interpret all life

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5
Q

Whats biblical worldview

A

How someone sees and interprets life using the bible as the guide

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6
Q

What presuppositions

A

Assumptions about the world

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7
Q

What do naturalists believe

A

Matter is all that exists and science is the only reliable path to truth

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8
Q

How can naturalists explain the origins of the universe

A

they have many ideas but nothing proves. It would involve chance, random incidents without a meaning or a purpose. it just happened

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9
Q

Model

A

Simplifies something in the world to explain, describe, or represent it

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10
Q

What are examples of models

A

atomic models and ecosystem models

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11
Q

How are scientific models useful

A

Workable and can help to predict

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12
Q

Without models we can’t understand…

A

How things work and how to solve problems

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13
Q

Do all scientific models fit within a biblical worldview

A

no

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14
Q

When did ancient chem start

A

3000 BC

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15
Q

Earliest mention of ancient chem was

A

Men worked with metals: iron, copper ore, bronze. Deut 8:9

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16
Q

What ancient time had apothecaries and what are they

A

Ancient egypt. Old school pharmacists

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17
Q

Greeks

A

Reasoned about nature of matter with no lab experiments at all

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18
Q

Alchemists

A

Romans, Egyptians, Arabs, and Europeans. Observation and experimentation. Some astrology and mysticism

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19
Q

Why did alchemists do this

A

Make gold out of common metal. Gain immortality through medicines

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20
Q

Good things alchemists did*

A

Discovered elements and acids. Started to create lab equipment and experiments

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21
Q

Modern chemistry

A

Developed atomic models. Elements discovered. Chem became academic discipline. Practical uses: fabric, paint, tools

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22
Q

How did alchemists advance science

A

They created observation and experimentation

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23
Q

Why is chemistry important

A

Diseases can be slowed down or cured
Human lifespan has been made longer
Quality of life has improved for many people
There is no cure for death

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24
Q

Is “the human condition will improve by evolution alone” a Biblical worldview

A

No

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25
Q

Is “every human who has ever lived will stand for judgement in front of the One who made them” a Biblical worldview

A

Yes

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26
Q

What does God want us to do (Creation Mandate)

A

Create products and solve problems
Weigh the consequences of actions
Seeking a balance

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27
Q

Does nature contradict the bible when science contradicts the bible and why

A

No. The scientist’s model is affected by his worldview that contradicts the bible

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28
Q

Which is an example of God’s mandate
A) Develop medicine and make lots of money from it
B) Developing a cure for cancer and giving it away for free
C) Live only for making money and being famous
D) Develop software to help people cheat on their taxes

A

B

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29
Q

How do we answer scientific questions

A

Start with observation

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30
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative

A

Quantitative: Numbers
Qualitative: Description

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31
Q

Deductive reasoning vs Inductive reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning: General to specific
Inductive reasoning: Known data to unknown general conclusion (if -> then)

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32
Q

Scientific method

A

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data collection
Conclusion
Retest

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33
Q

What hypothesis

A

Suggested solution to problem
Must be testable
Sometimes written as if then statements
Predicts outcome

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34
Q

Variables

A

Any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment

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35
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that you measure or observe

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36
Q

Independent variable

A

The one condition that you change in an experiment

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37
Q

Controlled variable aka constant variable

A

Variable that doesn’t change during an experiment

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38
Q

What does the experimenter do

A

Makes a special effort to keep other factors constant so that they won’t affect the outcome

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39
Q

What is purpose of a control

A

They are not being tested and used for comparison

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40
Q

What’s the conclusion

A

The answer to hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment

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41
Q

Why retest hypothesis

A

To verify the results

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42
Q

How to retest hypothesis

A

Surveys and using the results

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43
Q

What are the 2 types of science

A

Applied science and pure science

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44
Q

Applied science*

A

Explores natural products and processes for specific applications

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45
Q

Pure science

A

Probes nature to learn new things about the universe we live in

46
Q

Why is it important to understand properties of matter and how matter reacts

A

Because we are surrounded by matter and it makes up everything

47
Q

Where did matter come from

A

Matter was created ex nihilo by God. Gen 1

48
Q

Ex nihilo

A

Out of nothing

49
Q

Organization of matter

A

Mixtures and pure substances

50
Q

How can we tell if a substance is pure or a mixture

A

Physical properties
Chemical properties

51
Q

Physical properties*

A

We can measure without changing the material into another substance. Ex color, taste, texture, physical state

52
Q

Which is a physical property of Cola
A) Brown color
B) It has bubbles
C) Tastes sweet
D) All

A

D

53
Q

Density

A

Ratio of the mass of a substance compared to its volume

54
Q

Formula of density

A

Mass/volume

55
Q

Units for density

A

g/cm³ or g/ml

56
Q

Malleability

A

How easily a material can be hammered into shapes

57
Q

Ductility

A

Describes how easily materials can be drawn into thin wires

58
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability of a material to transfer heat or electricity between its particles

59
Q

Which is an example of a physical property
A) Glass isn’t an electrical conductor
B) Stretching a rubber band
C) M&Ms tastes sweet
D) All

A

D

60
Q

What is not a physical property of copper wire
A) Orange color
B) Bends easily
C) Conducts electricity
D) Explosive in water

A

D

61
Q

Particles

A

Atoms
Molecules
Atoms and molecules together

62
Q

Chemical properties*

A

How matter acts when other materials are combined together (Concrete with water = hard substance)
How material changes composition when enough energy is added to it (gasoline on fire and iron rusts)

63
Q

Gasoline is on fire, why is that a chemical property of gasoline

A

Something burning is a chemical change

64
Q

Physical change*

A

Change in physical properties
Substance remains the same
Start with A end with A

65
Q

Which is physical and chemical change
1) Boiling water in a pan
2) You lit a match

A
  1. P
  2. C
66
Q

Pure substance

A

Consists of only 1 type of matter

67
Q

Mixture*

A

Material that can be separated into 2 or more pure substances by physical changes

68
Q

2 kinds of mixtures (74)

A

Heterogeneous aka suspension
Homogeneous aka solution

69
Q

2 types pure substances (75)

A

Elements (silver)
Compounds (water)

70
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that can’t be broken down into a simpler substance. Made up of only one kind of atom (gold)

71
Q

Atoms*

A

Particles that make up elements. The smallest piece of an element that’s still the element

72
Q

What are atoms made of

A

Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons

73
Q

Ion

A

+ or- charged atom

74
Q

T/F: Each element doesn’t have it’s own chemical symbol

A

False

75
Q

Elements naturally occur in 3 categories

A

Monatomic (Ne, Ar)
Diatomic (O₂, H₂)
Polyatomic (O₃, S₈)

76
Q

Molecules*

A

2 or more atoms chemically bonded together
Atoms of the same element or different elements

77
Q

Compounds*

A

Molecules from 2 or more different elements that have been chemically bonded together

78
Q

Formula

A

Tells the number of atoms of each element present

79
Q

Subscript

A

A number that indicates the amount of atoms or groups of atoms in a formula
(H₂0 2 is subscript)

80
Q

Coefficient

A

Number in front of a formula which tells how many molecules or atoms are present
(5Fe₂ 5 is coefficient)

81
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

82
Q

Six common forms of energy

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Acoustic
Electromagnetic
Chemical
Nuclear

83
Q

Thermodynamics*

A

Studies movement and conversion of energy

84
Q

1 law of thermodynamics aka law of energy conservation

A

Energy can’t be created nor destroyed
Energy is converted from 1 form to another

85
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics aka entropy*

A

All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and minimum usable energy
Entropy naturally increases

86
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of the disorder of a system

87
Q

When was particle model of matter proposed and accepted

A

5th century BC and 1800s

88
Q

Particle model of matter*

A

All matter consists of tiny particles
They move and collide randomly

89
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles spreading apart (perfume in a room)

90
Q

Kinetic energy (91)

A

Particles of matter are in constant motion

91
Q

Internal energy of an object*

A

Potential + kinetic energies of the object’s particles

92
Q

Thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy of the object’s particles

93
Q

Temperature

A

Average kinetic energy of a system’s particles

94
Q

Heat transfer

A

Transfer of thermal energy between 2 objects or substances

95
Q

What is heat the quantity of

A

Thermal energy transferred from 1 object to another

96
Q

T/F Heat is the same as temperature

A

False

97
Q

Exothermic

A

Releases energy to the surroundings

98
Q

Endothermic

A

Absorbs energy from the surroundings

99
Q

Temperature scales used most often in chemistry

A

Celsius scale
Kelvin scale= basic metric unit of temperature

100
Q

3rd law of thermodynamics

A

It’s impossible to reach absolute zero

101
Q

What’s absolute zero

A

0 kelvins

102
Q

Calorie

A

How much heat is needed to change the temperature of one gram of water one degree celcius

103
Q

Kilocalorie

A

1000 x calorie

104
Q

1 kilocalorie

A

1000 x calorie = 1 calorie

105
Q

2 kind of forces in every form of matter

A

Kinetic particles move around
Particles are attracted to each other

106
Q

Kinetic molecular theory- Solid

A

Particles’ attractive forces > kinetic energy between particles
Particles are in relatively fixed positions with set distances between them

107
Q

Kinetic molecular theory- Liquid

A

Particles partially overcome the attractive forces between them
Particles can move about but remain close to each other

108
Q

Kinetic molecular theory- Gas

A

Particles completely overcome the attractive forces between them
Particles possess a large amount of kinetic energy
Highly compressible
No definite shape

109
Q

Kinetic molecular theory- Plasma

A

So much energy is absorbed by an atom that some or all of its electrons are stripped away forming a positive ion
Most common state of matter in the visible universe

110
Q

Changes of common states of matter

A

Condensation: gas to liquid
Vaporization: liquid to gas
Freezing: liquid to solid
Melting: Solid to liquid
Sublimation: Solid to gas
Deposition: Gas to solid

9th grade (32 decks)

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