Bio finals semester 1 Flashcards
What is science?
A process of understanding the natural world
How is a control group different from an experimental group?
Control group doesn’t have anything added, experimental group has independent variable added
How would you be able to identify an independent variable in an experiment? What about a dependent variable?
Independent variable goes into the experiment
Dependent variable comes out of the experiment
What is a quantitative variable? Qualitative variable?
Quantitative: You can measure it
Qualitative: You can’t’ measure it
How would I be able to recognize if a question is not able to be answered by science?
Science can only answer tangible and natural questions
What are the differences between a polar covalent bond, non-polar covalent bond, and an ionic bond?
Polar covalent: Share electrons unequally
Non-polar covalent: Share electrons equally
Ionic bonds: Transfer electrons
What are the three components of atoms AND their charges?
Proton +, electron -, neutron
What are the five properties of water? Give an example in nature of each.
Water exhibits cohesion (Water droplets form outside of leaves)
Water exhibits adhesion (Water “sticking to inside of straw)
Water has very high specific heat (Beach is cooler than desert)
Water is less dense as a solid than liquid (Ice floats in water)
Water is the universal solvent (Sugar dissolving in coffee)
How is a hydrophobic compound unique from a hydrophilic compound?
Hydrophobic doesn’t mix well with water
Hydrophilic mixes well with water
How is breaking a bond unique from building a bond, in terms of energy?
Building a bond requires energy, breaking doesn’t
How is an exothermic reaction different from an endothermic reaction?
Exothermic reactions release heat/energy, endothermic absorbs
A catabolic reaction is also known as: exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
What is the role of enzymes in biological processes?
They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
How is an enzyme activated?
By a substrate binding to the active site
What are ways that enzyme activation can be inhibited?
Extreme temperatures and high/low pH
What does the Lock & Key model describe
Substrate fits precisely to the active site
How does substrate concentration relate to the amount of product that is formed?
Enzyme reactant rate plateaus once all available enzymes have their own reactant
What are cells
The basic unit of life that performs vital functions for survival, growth, and reproduction
Why are stem cells unique
They are a blank canvas that can turn into any cell during early embryonic development
What is the function of the following organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasma membrane and smooth ER?
Ribosomes: Create proteins
Mitochondria: Creates ATP during cellular respiration
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
Cell wall: Structure
Plasma membrane: Controls what goes in and out of cell
Smooth ER: Creates lipids
How are prokaryotic cells unique from eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic: Found in bacteria, no nucleus, simple
Eukaryotic: Found in plants/animals, has nucleus, complex
What are two organelles that we have talked about that are found only in plant cells, but not in animal cells? List their functions.
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
Cell wall: Structure
What are the 3 components of the Cell Theory
Cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells, all living things have cells
What is the purpose of the plasma/cell membrane
It controls what goes in and out of cells
What are two molecules that are LEAST likely to diffuse (pass easily) through the membrane? What are two molecules that are MOST likely?
Least: Glucose, Na+
Most: Water, carbon dioxide
What is the goal of homeostasis
To maintain stable internal conditions. (Temp, blood sugar, pH)
What is hyponatremia? How did the woman from that video pass away from this condition? (what happened to her cells)
It’s water toxicity caused by consuming too much water. Her cells flooded with water and due to the concentration gradient
What does it mean to say a solution is hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic
Hypertonic: Solute is higher than solute in cell. (Moves out, water is highest in cell)
Hypotonic: Solute is lower than solute in cell. (Moves in, water is highest in solution)
Isotonic: Solute is equal to solute in cell. (No movement)
How is active transport different from passive transport
Active: Occurs with energy, low to high concentration
Passive: Occurs without energy, high to low concentration
What are the 3 major stages of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
What happens during interphase? Mitosis? Cytokinesis?
Interphase: Cell growth occurs before DNA synthesis begins causing chromosome count to double (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis: Cells go through a few steps to divide
Cytokinesis: Last “cut” that separates 2 new daughter cells
What are some ways to prevent cancer
Avoid tobacco, limit alcohol consumption, avoid tanning beds, fill half your plate with fruits/veggies, shoot for 20-40 mins of exercise a day.
What are the four categories of macromolecules?
Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
Monomers are single atoms that make up polymers
What are the individual monomer units for each macromolecule? Label them
Carbs: Monosaccharide
Protein: Amino acid
Lipid: No true monomer
Nucleic acid: Nucleotide
How is a hydrolysis reaction unique from a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Hydrolysis: Water is added to break a bond
Dehydration: Water is lost to build a bond
What is at least one function of: carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids?
Carbs: Energy
Protein: Enzymes & structure
Lipids: Insulation
Nucleic acids: Genetic material
Which macro provides the MOST energy
Lipids
Which macro is used first for energy
Carbs
What are a few objective (meaning, based on fact) measurements used to determine health?
Blood pressure, BMI, muscle mass
What is the major purpose of cellular respiration?
To create ATP from chemical energy stored in food
What are the reactants in cellular respiration? What are the products?
Reactants: Glucose, oxygen
Products: Water, carbon dioxide
What’s an anaerobic respiration? What are the two major types?
No oxygen required, produces very little ATP. Alcoholic, lactic acid
What is the major byproduct of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactate
What kind of organisms does fermentation usually occur in?
Bacteria, yeast
Which type of respiration produces more ATP: aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
How many phosphate groups does ATP have?
3
When will protein be used to produce ATP in the body?
During starvation mode
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into which molecules?
Pyruvate
At the end of the Citric Acid Cycle, glucose has now been transformed into which molecule that is exhaled by the body?
Carbon dioxide
What are the inputs/outputs for: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?
Glycolysis: Input- glucose, Output- pyruvate, ATP
Pyruvate oxidation: Input- pyruvate, Output- Acetyl co-A
Citric acid cycle: Input- Acetyl co-A, Output- CO2
ETC & Chemiosmosis: Input- NADH, FADH2 , O2 , Output- ATP, H2O
What stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? Why?
ETC, oxygen is present there
What is the purpose of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC
Where do the electrons come from in the electron transport chain?
NADH
