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9th grade > Bio Ch 2 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of life that perform vital functions for survival, growth, and reproduction

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2
Q

Do all cells look the same?

A

No, because they have different functions

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3
Q

What are stem cells?

A

They are a blank canvas and can turn into any cell

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4
Q

What is a scientific model?

A

The simplified version of the real thing

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5
Q

When you see a scientific model, will it look the same under a microscope?

A

No

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6
Q

Why are stem cells used extensively in various research labs?

A

They can be studied to see how some diseases bein and grow and they can be used to replace a tissue that has been diseased or isn’t working

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7
Q

What’s an organelle?

A

A specialized structure that performs different functions

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8
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: Simple, no membrane bound organisms, no nucleus, found in bacteria.
Eukaryotic: Complex, has membrane bound organisms, has nucleus, found in animals and plants

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9
Q

What are 3 organelles in plants but not animals. What larger category do both plants and animals belong to?

A

Cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole. Eukaryotic

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10
Q

I am examining an unknown cell under the microscope in my biology lab. The cell seems to have an external structure that is square-like and rigid. What type of cell might this be?

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

What are the 3 components of the cell theory

A

Cells are the basic unit of life, all living things have cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells

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12
Q

Give a summary of the Miller-Urey experiment and what the overall conclusions were from this experiment.

A

It was a simulation of early Earth’s atmosphere to test whether life could “spontaneously” be created. When no element were present, no life was formed.

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13
Q

All of the following are found in both plant and animal cells except for which organelle below?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Chloroplast
d. Ribosomes

A

Chloroplast

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14
Q

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

A

To maintain stable internal conditions

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15
Q

What does it mean to say the cell membrane is selectively permeable? What are TWO examples of molecules that can and cannot pass through?

A

It means certain molecules can pass more easily than others. Can: Water and carbon dioxide
Can’t: Glucose and Ions

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16
Q

List at least three factors that are regulated by the human body in order to maintain homeostasis

A

Temperature, hormone release, blood sugar levels

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17
Q

When molecules move down the concentration gradient, is energy required? What about when molecules move up/against the gradient?

A

Down: yes
Up: no

18
Q

Active transport is unique from passive transport because…
a. Active transport requires energy; passive transport does not
b. Passive transport require energy; active transport does not
c. Active transport occurs when molecules move down the concentration gradient, from an area of high to low concentration
d. Both A & C

A

A

19
Q

What’s concentration?

A

Amount of something per unit of volume

20
Q

What is concentration measured by?

A

Solute divided by solvent

21
Q

What is solute and solvent

A

Solute is able to be dissolved. Solvent dissolves the solute

22
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Difference of molecule concentrations across a cell membrane

23
Q

How is diffusion similar to and different from facilitated diffusion? Share one similarity and one difference

A

They both require no energy and facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein.

24
Q

Why would it be incorrect to say that small polar molecules, such as small sugars, can move down a concentration gradient via osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water only

25
Q

How is a hypertonic solution different from a hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic solution’s movement will be outside the cell and hypotonic solution’s movement will be inside.

26
Q

A solution contains 0.5M glucose and within it, there are submerged a variety of sampled blood cells, all containing 2.5M glucose. What kind of solution is this?

A

Hypotonic

27
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

When too much water is consumed causing swelling and potentially death

28
Q

List the 5 levels of cell organization

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

29
Q

What are the three distinct phases of the cell cycle AND what occurs during each?

A

Interphase: Cell growth before DNA synthesis causing chromosome count to double. Mitosis: Cell goes through a few steps to divide. Cytokinesis: Last cut that separates the 2 new daughter cells

30
Q

In the Cell Cycle, which stage is responsible for the division of cells into two identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

31
Q

Does every cell have a life span?

A

Yes

32
Q

Red blood cells will divide every ___ days and skin cells will divide ever ___ days

A

120, 14

33
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division. Result of a mutation in a cell’s DNA

34
Q

What would happen if cells did not undergo “S phase” after multiple rounds of cell division?

A

The cells would have less and less DNA every time they divide

35
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death to protect the cell

36
Q

Differences between benign and malignant tumors

A

Benign don’t spread and aren’t cancerous while malignant do spread and are cancerous and potentially dangerous

37
Q

As a high school student, it is important to build a healthy foundation of habits that lead to a longer life, without chronic pain or illness. What are a few ways improve longevity and reduce the risk for chronic illness and cancer?

A

Stay away from tobacco, fill half your plate with fruits or veggies, use sunscreen, stay away from tanning beds, reach for 20-40 mins of exercise per day, limit red and processed meats

38
Q

What percent of cancer can be avoided through diet and lifestyle?

A

40%

39
Q

Cell cycle always _____, until a signal ________ it

A

off, starts

40
Q

How is stage 1 cancer different from stage 4?

A

Stage 1 has spread but not as bad as stage 4

41
Q

What are the 4 stages on mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

42
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Creates ATP through process called cellular respiration

9th grade (32 decks)

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