Bio Ch 2 Flashcards
What are cells?
The basic unit of life that perform vital functions for survival, growth, and reproduction
Do all cells look the same?
No, because they have different functions
What are stem cells?
They are a blank canvas and can turn into any cell
What is a scientific model?
The simplified version of the real thing
When you see a scientific model, will it look the same under a microscope?
No
Why are stem cells used extensively in various research labs?
They can be studied to see how some diseases bein and grow and they can be used to replace a tissue that has been diseased or isn’t working
What’s an organelle?
A specialized structure that performs different functions
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic: Simple, no membrane bound organisms, no nucleus, found in bacteria.
Eukaryotic: Complex, has membrane bound organisms, has nucleus, found in animals and plants
What are 3 organelles in plants but not animals. What larger category do both plants and animals belong to?
Cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole. Eukaryotic
I am examining an unknown cell under the microscope in my biology lab. The cell seems to have an external structure that is square-like and rigid. What type of cell might this be?
Eukaryotic
What are the 3 components of the cell theory
Cells are the basic unit of life, all living things have cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells
Give a summary of the Miller-Urey experiment and what the overall conclusions were from this experiment.
It was a simulation of early Earth’s atmosphere to test whether life could “spontaneously” be created. When no element were present, no life was formed.
All of the following are found in both plant and animal cells except for which organelle below?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Chloroplast
d. Ribosomes
Chloroplast
What is the purpose of homeostasis?
To maintain stable internal conditions
What does it mean to say the cell membrane is selectively permeable? What are TWO examples of molecules that can and cannot pass through?
It means certain molecules can pass more easily than others. Can: Water and carbon dioxide
Can’t: Glucose and Ions
List at least three factors that are regulated by the human body in order to maintain homeostasis
Temperature, hormone release, blood sugar levels
When molecules move down the concentration gradient, is energy required? What about when molecules move up/against the gradient?
Down: yes
Up: no
Active transport is unique from passive transport because…
a. Active transport requires energy; passive transport does not
b. Passive transport require energy; active transport does not
c. Active transport occurs when molecules move down the concentration gradient, from an area of high to low concentration
d. Both A & C
A
What’s concentration?
Amount of something per unit of volume
What is concentration measured by?
Solute divided by solvent
What is solute and solvent
Solute is able to be dissolved. Solvent dissolves the solute
What is a concentration gradient?
Difference of molecule concentrations across a cell membrane
How is diffusion similar to and different from facilitated diffusion? Share one similarity and one difference
They both require no energy and facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein.
Why would it be incorrect to say that small polar molecules, such as small sugars, can move down a concentration gradient via osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water only
How is a hypertonic solution different from a hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic solution’s movement will be outside the cell and hypotonic solution’s movement will be inside.
A solution contains 0.5M glucose and within it, there are submerged a variety of sampled blood cells, all containing 2.5M glucose. What kind of solution is this?
Hypotonic
What is hyponatremia?
When too much water is consumed causing swelling and potentially death
List the 5 levels of cell organization
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the three distinct phases of the cell cycle AND what occurs during each?
Interphase: Cell growth before DNA synthesis causing chromosome count to double. Mitosis: Cell goes through a few steps to divide. Cytokinesis: Last cut that separates the 2 new daughter cells
In the Cell Cycle, which stage is responsible for the division of cells into two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
Does every cell have a life span?
Yes
Red blood cells will divide every ___ days and skin cells will divide ever ___ days
120, 14
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division. Result of a mutation in a cell’s DNA
What would happen if cells did not undergo “S phase” after multiple rounds of cell division?
The cells would have less and less DNA every time they divide
What is apoptosis
Programmed cell death to protect the cell
Differences between benign and malignant tumors
Benign don’t spread and aren’t cancerous while malignant do spread and are cancerous and potentially dangerous
As a high school student, it is important to build a healthy foundation of habits that lead to a longer life, without chronic pain or illness. What are a few ways improve longevity and reduce the risk for chronic illness and cancer?
Stay away from tobacco, fill half your plate with fruits or veggies, use sunscreen, stay away from tanning beds, reach for 20-40 mins of exercise per day, limit red and processed meats
What percent of cancer can be avoided through diet and lifestyle?
40%
Cell cycle always _____, until a signal ________ it
off, starts
How is stage 1 cancer different from stage 4?
Stage 1 has spread but not as bad as stage 4
What are the 4 stages on mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What is the function of mitochondria
Creates ATP through process called cellular respiration
