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9th grade > Bio finals semester 2 > Flashcards

Bio finals semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

“For this is what the _____ has ____________ us: ‘I have made you a ______ for the _______, that you may bring ____________ to the ends of the _______.’”

A

Lord, commanded, light, Gentiles, salvation, earth

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2
Q

_____________________________________________ all the world!

A

Oh Lord, our Lord, your greatness is seen in

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

DNA + Histones

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4
Q

What is a gene? What is its purpose?

A

Region of DNA that codes for protein

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5
Q

What percentage of our DNA contains genes?

A

1-2%

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6
Q

What are the two major components of DNA?

A

Backbone and bases

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7
Q

What makes up the backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar and phosphate

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8
Q

What does it mean to say the DNA runs “antiparallel”?

A

Runs in opposing directions

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9
Q

Be able to select a complementary base pair sequence of a strand of DNA → DNA and DNA → RNA.

A

A-T, G-C

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10
Q

What are the four nucleotides of DNA? Which one is different from RNA? ATTG

A

DNA- ATGC, RNA- AUGC (DNA- ATTG -> TAAC RNA- ATTG -> UAAC)

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11
Q

What is the name of the bond that connects the base pairs of DNA?

A

Hydrogen

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12
Q

How many bonds exist between A-T? G-C?

A

A-T: 2,
G-C: 3
*3 stronger than 2

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13
Q

What stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

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14
Q

Be able to name each stage of DNA replication, as well as the enzymes involved and their functions.

A

Unwind (helicase), add (Primase & DNA polymerase), fix (ligase)
*Unit 4 test fill in

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15
Q

How is the leading strand unique from the lagging strand?

A

Leading = continuous, lagging = discontinuous

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16
Q

What does it mean to say the DNA is “semi-conservative”?

A

1 old strand 1 new strand

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17
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

mass quantity DNA in short period of time

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18
Q

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

A

Compares DNA samples

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19
Q

What is the basic building block (monomer unit) of a protein?

A

Amino acid

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20
Q

How many amino acids exist? What are the three groups of every amino acid?

A
  1. Amino, r, carboxyl
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21
Q

How is one amino acid unique from another?

A

R group

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22
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

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23
Q

What are the two major stages of protein synthesis? Where does each occur?

A

Transcription (nucleus)
Translation (ribosome)

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24
Q

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon? (be able to match a codon with an anticodon sequence

A

Triplet sequence on mRNA
Anticodon= Triplet sequence on tRNA

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25
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

Transfer amino acids

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26
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Division of gametic cells

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27
Q

What are three ways mitosis is different from meiosis?

A

Mitosis- Occurs constantly, 1 round of cell division, 2 identical cells
Meiosis- Occurs infrequently, 2 rounds cell division, 4 different cells

28
Q

Compare/contrast gametic cells from somatic cells

A

Gametic: Eggs & sperm, Somatic: All other body cells

29
Q

What do the terms haploid and diploid refer to?

A

Haploid: Half, Diploid: pair

30
Q

Are gametic cells haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

31
Q

Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

32
Q

What is the major function of a karyotype?

A

Visual aid that shows chromosomes and mutations

33
Q

How many autosomes do humans have? How many sex chromosomes? And where are they found?

A

Autosomes: 22 (all)
Sex chromosomes: 1 (sperm and egg)

34
Q

What sex chromosomes determine if someone is a female? Male?

A

Female XX
Male XY

35
Q

List one reason why genetic diversity is an advantage to a population.

A

So a population doesn’t go extinct from a disease

36
Q

When does meiosis occur in girls?

A

Embryonic development

37
Q

What is genetics?

A

Study of genes

38
Q

Why is Gregor Mendel considered the “Father of Genetics”?

A

For his work with pea plants

39
Q

What were three reasons Mendel chose to work with pea plants?

A

Easy to breed, fast regeneration, basic qualities

40
Q

What does the Law of Dominance state?

A

Some alleles are dominant and will show in phenotype

41
Q

How is a dominant allele different from a recessive allele

A

Will show in phenotype

42
Q

Know the names of the three genotypes and be able to identify them

A

Homozygous dominant (BB), heterozygous (Bb), homozygous recessive (bb)

43
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Genotype= allele written, phenotype= physical expression

44
Q

How is “AB+” different from “AB-”?

A

AB+ has Rh factor AB- doesn’t

45
Q

Are sex-linked traits more common in men or women? Why?

A

Men because they only have 1 X chromosome

46
Q

What are the four sex-linked traits we learned about?

A

Hemophilia, colorblindness, DMD, Fragile X syndrome

47
Q

What is science?

A

Study of the natural world

48
Q

What is evolution? What is it not?

A

Is: Explanation of natural world, verifiable theory that can be accepted with clear evidence, work in process with certain “gaps” in fossil record
Not: Atheistic perspective, explanation that denies supernatural, explanation of how everything came to existence, perfect explanation of how everything came to be as they are today

49
Q

What did Charles Darwin study on the Galapagos? What theory did he develop?

A

Finches, natural selection

50
Q

How is microevolution different from macroevolution?

A

Micro- small, macro- big

51
Q

What are the two theories for how the universe began? Which has more evidence?

A

Universe has no beginning, universe has a beginning (more evidence)

52
Q

Can a light year be used to determine the age of the universe?

A

Yes

53
Q

What IS important and is NOT important for Christians to agree with

A

Agree: God was there at the beginning of time, God created all things, and God created humans in His likeness
Not agree: How God created everything
How long it took God to create the universe
God created humans instantly or through long process

54
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A natural process that selects for certain traits in organisms, based on genetic traits that are favorable for survival

55
Q

What are the three modes of natural selection?

A

Stabilizing- Favorable trait is the medium range of the phenotypes
Directional- Favorable trait is one extreme range of the phenotype
Disruptive- Favorable trait is both extreme of the phenotype

56
Q

What might cause the evolution of a species?

A

Looking for improvement for the species to be able to survive. Color, food, temperature

57
Q

What are the five patterns of evolution?

A

Speciation- New species emerge from “old” species
Gradualism- Small modifications over long periods of time
Punctuated equilibrium- Rapid changes followed by no change over long periods of time
Divergent evolution- Multiple species from 1 common ancestor
Convergent evolution- Species that are unrelated have similar traits due to similar environment

58
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Anatomical similarities between 2 organisms

59
Q

What are examples of biotic and abiotic factors?

A

Biotic= living (tree)
Abiotic= nonliving (sand)

60
Q

Are viruses living or nonliving? Why or why not?

A

No because they don’t have their own cells

61
Q

Know the three ecological relationships and be able to apply them to a scenario that is given to you

A

Mutualism ++, Commensalism +0, Parasitism +-

62
Q

What is the “Rule of Ten”?

A

Only 10% out of the total energy available from 1 trophic level is passed to the next highest trophic level

63
Q

Know the photosynthesis equation (inputs and outputs)

A

Input- water and carbon dioxide
Output- glucose and oxygen

64
Q

Where does each stage of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid (light reaction) and stroma (Calvin cycle)

65
Q

What is the disadvantage to plants having their stomata open ALWAYS?

A

Water will be lost

66
Q

What is the difference between CAM and C4 photosynthesis?

A

C4= stomata partially closed during hottest part of day
CAM= stomata only open at night

67
Q

What are the categories that ARE used in determining the various biome regions?

A

Temperature, rainfall, latitude

9th grade (32 decks)

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