Bio finals semester 2

Question 1

“For this is what the _____ has ____________ us: ‘I have made you a ______ for the _______, that you may bring ____________ to the ends of the _______.’”

Answer 1

Lord, commanded, light, Gentiles, salvation, earth

Question 2

_____________________________________________ all the world!

Answer 2

Oh Lord, our Lord, your greatness is seen in

Question 3

What is a chromosome?

Answer 3

DNA + Histones

Question 4

What is a gene? What is its purpose?

Answer 4

Region of DNA that codes for protein

Question 5

What percentage of our DNA contains genes?

Answer 5

1-2%

Question 6

What are the two major components of DNA?

Answer 6

Backbone and bases

Question 7

What makes up the backbone of DNA?

Answer 7

Sugar and phosphate

Question 8

What does it mean to say the DNA runs “antiparallel”?

Answer 8

Runs in opposing directions

Question 9

Be able to select a complementary base pair sequence of a strand of DNA → DNA and DNA → RNA.

Answer 9

A-T, G-C

Question 10

What are the four nucleotides of DNA? Which one is different from RNA? ATTG

Answer 10

DNA- ATGC, RNA- AUGC (DNA- ATTG -> TAAC RNA- ATTG -> UAAC)

Question 11

What is the name of the bond that connects the base pairs of DNA?

Answer 11

Hydrogen

Question 12

How many bonds exist between A-T? G-C?

Answer 12

A-T: 2,
G-C: 3
*3 stronger than 2

Question 13

What stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Answer 13

S phase

Question 14

Be able to name each stage of DNA replication, as well as the enzymes involved and their functions.

Answer 14

Unwind (helicase), add (Primase & DNA polymerase), fix (ligase)
*Unit 4 test fill in

Question 15

How is the leading strand unique from the lagging strand?

Answer 15

Leading = continuous, lagging = discontinuous

Question 16

What does it mean to say the DNA is “semi-conservative”?

Answer 16

1 old strand 1 new strand

Question 17

What is the purpose of PCR?

Answer 17

mass quantity DNA in short period of time

Question 18

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

Answer 18

Compares DNA samples

Question 19

What is the basic building block (monomer unit) of a protein?

Answer 19

Amino acid

Question 20

How many amino acids exist? What are the three groups of every amino acid?

Answer 20

20. Amino, r, carboxyl

Question 21

How is one amino acid unique from another?

Answer 21

R group

Question 22

What is the Central Dogma?

Answer 22

DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

Question 23

What are the two major stages of protein synthesis? Where does each occur?

Answer 23

Transcription (nucleus)
Translation (ribosome)

Question 24

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon? (be able to match a codon with an anticodon sequence

Answer 24

Triplet sequence on mRNA
Anticodon= Triplet sequence on tRNA

Question 25

What is the purpose of tRNA?

Answer 25

Transfer amino acids

Question 26

What is meiosis?

Answer 26

Division of gametic cells

Question 27

What are three ways mitosis is different from meiosis?

Answer 27

Mitosis- Occurs constantly, 1 round of cell division, 2 identical cells Meiosis- Occurs infrequently, 2 rounds cell division, 4 different cells

Question 28

Compare/contrast gametic cells from somatic cells

Answer 28

Gametic: Eggs & sperm, Somatic: All other body cells

Question 29

What do the terms haploid and diploid refer to?

Answer 29

Haploid: Half, Diploid: pair

Question 30

Are gametic cells haploid or diploid?

Answer 30

Haploid

Question 31

Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

Answer 31

Diploid

Question 32

What is the major function of a karyotype?

Answer 32

Visual aid that shows chromosomes and mutations

Question 33

How many autosomes do humans have? How many sex chromosomes? And where are they found?

Answer 33

Autosomes: 22 (all) Sex chromosomes: 1 (sperm and egg)

Question 34

What sex chromosomes determine if someone is a female? Male?

Answer 34

Female XX Male XY

Question 35

List one reason why genetic diversity is an advantage to a population.

Answer 35

So a population doesn’t go extinct from a disease

Question 36

When does meiosis occur in girls?

Answer 36

Embryonic development

Question 37

What is genetics?

Answer 37

Study of genes

Question 38

Why is Gregor Mendel considered the “Father of Genetics”?

Answer 38

For his work with pea plants

Question 39

What were three reasons Mendel chose to work with pea plants?

Answer 39

Easy to breed, fast regeneration, basic qualities

Question 40

What does the Law of Dominance state?

Answer 40

Some alleles are dominant and will show in phenotype

Question 41

How is a dominant allele different from a recessive allele

Answer 41

Will show in phenotype

Question 42

Know the names of the three genotypes and be able to identify them

Answer 42

Homozygous dominant (BB), heterozygous (Bb), homozygous recessive (bb)

Question 43

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Answer 43

Genotype= allele written, phenotype= physical expression

Question 44

How is “AB+” different from “AB-”?

Answer 44

AB+ has Rh factor AB- doesn’t

Question 45

Are sex-linked traits more common in men or women? Why?

Answer 45

Men because they only have 1 X chromosome

Question 46

What are the four sex-linked traits we learned about?

Answer 46

Hemophilia, colorblindness, DMD, Fragile X syndrome

Question 47

What is science?

Answer 47

Study of the natural world

Question 48

What is evolution? What is it not?

Answer 48

Is: Explanation of natural world, verifiable theory that can be accepted with clear evidence, work in process with certain "gaps" in fossil record Not: Atheistic perspective, explanation that denies supernatural, explanation of how everything came to existence, perfect explanation of how everything came to be as they are today

Question 49

What did Charles Darwin study on the Galapagos? What theory did he develop?

Answer 49

Finches, natural selection

Question 50

How is microevolution different from macroevolution?

Answer 50

Micro- small, macro- big

Question 51

What are the two theories for how the universe began? Which has more evidence?

Answer 51

Universe has no beginning, universe has a beginning (more evidence)

Question 52

Can a light year be used to determine the age of the universe?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

What IS important and is NOT important for Christians to agree with

Answer 53

Agree: God was there at the beginning of time, God created all things, and God created humans in His likeness Not agree: How God created everything How long it took God to create the universe God created humans instantly or through long process

Question 54

What is natural selection?

Answer 54

A natural process that selects for certain traits in organisms, based on genetic traits that are favorable for survival

Question 55

What are the three modes of natural selection?

Answer 55

Stabilizing- Favorable trait is the medium range of the phenotypes Directional- Favorable trait is one extreme range of the phenotype Disruptive- Favorable trait is both extreme of the phenotype

Question 56

What might cause the evolution of a species?

Answer 56

Looking for improvement for the species to be able to survive. Color, food, temperature

Question 57

What are the five patterns of evolution?

Answer 57

Speciation- New species emerge from "old" species Gradualism- Small modifications over long periods of time Punctuated equilibrium- Rapid changes followed by no change over long periods of time Divergent evolution- Multiple species from 1 common ancestor Convergent evolution- Species that are unrelated have similar traits due to similar environment

Question 58

What are homologous structures?

Answer 58

Anatomical similarities between 2 organisms

Question 59

What are examples of biotic and abiotic factors?

Answer 59

Biotic= living (tree) Abiotic= nonliving (sand)

Question 60

Are viruses living or nonliving? Why or why not?

Answer 60

No because they don’t have their own cells

Question 61

Know the three ecological relationships and be able to apply them to a scenario that is given to you

Answer 61

Mutualism ++, Commensalism +0, Parasitism +-

Question 62

What is the “Rule of Ten”?

Answer 62

Only 10% out of the total energy available from 1 trophic level is passed to the next highest trophic level

Question 63

Know the photosynthesis equation (inputs and outputs)

Answer 63

Input- water and carbon dioxide Output- glucose and oxygen

Question 64

Where does each stage of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?

Answer 64

Thylakoid (light reaction) and stroma (Calvin cycle)

Question 65

What is the disadvantage to plants having their stomata open ALWAYS?

Answer 65

Water will be lost

Question 66

What is the difference between CAM and C4 photosynthesis?

Answer 66

C4= stomata partially closed during hottest part of day CAM= stomata only open at night

Question 67

What are the categories that ARE used in determining the various biome regions?

Answer 67

Temperature, rainfall, latitude