Bio finals semester 2 Flashcards
“For this is what the _____ has ____________ us: ‘I have made you a ______ for the _______, that you may bring ____________ to the ends of the _______.’”
Lord, commanded, light, Gentiles, salvation, earth
_____________________________________________ all the world!
Oh Lord, our Lord, your greatness is seen in
What is a chromosome?
DNA + Histones
What is a gene? What is its purpose?
Region of DNA that codes for protein
What percentage of our DNA contains genes?
1-2%
What are the two major components of DNA?
Backbone and bases
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate
What does it mean to say the DNA runs “antiparallel”?
Runs in opposing directions
Be able to select a complementary base pair sequence of a strand of DNA → DNA and DNA → RNA.
A-T, G-C
What are the four nucleotides of DNA? Which one is different from RNA? ATTG
DNA- ATGC, RNA- AUGC (DNA- ATTG -> TAAC RNA- ATTG -> UAAC)
What is the name of the bond that connects the base pairs of DNA?
Hydrogen
How many bonds exist between A-T? G-C?
A-T: 2,
G-C: 3
*3 stronger than 2
What stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S phase
Be able to name each stage of DNA replication, as well as the enzymes involved and their functions.
Unwind (helicase), add (Primase & DNA polymerase), fix (ligase)
*Unit 4 test fill in
How is the leading strand unique from the lagging strand?
Leading = continuous, lagging = discontinuous
What does it mean to say the DNA is “semi-conservative”?
1 old strand 1 new strand
What is the purpose of PCR?
mass quantity DNA in short period of time
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
Compares DNA samples
What is the basic building block (monomer unit) of a protein?
Amino acid
How many amino acids exist? What are the three groups of every amino acid?
- Amino, r, carboxyl
How is one amino acid unique from another?
R group
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
What are the two major stages of protein synthesis? Where does each occur?
Transcription (nucleus)
Translation (ribosome)
What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon? (be able to match a codon with an anticodon sequence
Triplet sequence on mRNA
Anticodon= Triplet sequence on tRNA
What is the purpose of tRNA?
Transfer amino acids
What is meiosis?
Division of gametic cells
What are three ways mitosis is different from meiosis?
Mitosis- Occurs constantly, 1 round of cell division, 2 identical cells
Meiosis- Occurs infrequently, 2 rounds cell division, 4 different cells
Compare/contrast gametic cells from somatic cells
Gametic: Eggs & sperm, Somatic: All other body cells
What do the terms haploid and diploid refer to?
Haploid: Half, Diploid: pair
Are gametic cells haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What is the major function of a karyotype?
Visual aid that shows chromosomes and mutations
How many autosomes do humans have? How many sex chromosomes? And where are they found?
Autosomes: 22 (all)
Sex chromosomes: 1 (sperm and egg)
What sex chromosomes determine if someone is a female? Male?
Female XX
Male XY
List one reason why genetic diversity is an advantage to a population.
So a population doesn’t go extinct from a disease
When does meiosis occur in girls?
Embryonic development
What is genetics?
Study of genes
Why is Gregor Mendel considered the “Father of Genetics”?
For his work with pea plants
What were three reasons Mendel chose to work with pea plants?
Easy to breed, fast regeneration, basic qualities
What does the Law of Dominance state?
Some alleles are dominant and will show in phenotype
How is a dominant allele different from a recessive allele
Will show in phenotype
Know the names of the three genotypes and be able to identify them
Homozygous dominant (BB), heterozygous (Bb), homozygous recessive (bb)
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype= allele written, phenotype= physical expression
How is “AB+” different from “AB-”?
AB+ has Rh factor AB- doesn’t
Are sex-linked traits more common in men or women? Why?
Men because they only have 1 X chromosome
What are the four sex-linked traits we learned about?
Hemophilia, colorblindness, DMD, Fragile X syndrome
What is science?
Study of the natural world
What is evolution? What is it not?
Is: Explanation of natural world, verifiable theory that can be accepted with clear evidence, work in process with certain “gaps” in fossil record
Not: Atheistic perspective, explanation that denies supernatural, explanation of how everything came to existence, perfect explanation of how everything came to be as they are today
What did Charles Darwin study on the Galapagos? What theory did he develop?
Finches, natural selection
How is microevolution different from macroevolution?
Micro- small, macro- big
What are the two theories for how the universe began? Which has more evidence?
Universe has no beginning, universe has a beginning (more evidence)
Can a light year be used to determine the age of the universe?
Yes
What IS important and is NOT important for Christians to agree with
Agree: God was there at the beginning of time, God created all things, and God created humans in His likeness
Not agree: How God created everything
How long it took God to create the universe
God created humans instantly or through long process
What is natural selection?
A natural process that selects for certain traits in organisms, based on genetic traits that are favorable for survival
What are the three modes of natural selection?
Stabilizing- Favorable trait is the medium range of the phenotypes
Directional- Favorable trait is one extreme range of the phenotype
Disruptive- Favorable trait is both extreme of the phenotype
What might cause the evolution of a species?
Looking for improvement for the species to be able to survive. Color, food, temperature
What are the five patterns of evolution?
Speciation- New species emerge from “old” species
Gradualism- Small modifications over long periods of time
Punctuated equilibrium- Rapid changes followed by no change over long periods of time
Divergent evolution- Multiple species from 1 common ancestor
Convergent evolution- Species that are unrelated have similar traits due to similar environment
What are homologous structures?
Anatomical similarities between 2 organisms
What are examples of biotic and abiotic factors?
Biotic= living (tree)
Abiotic= nonliving (sand)
Are viruses living or nonliving? Why or why not?
No because they don’t have their own cells
Know the three ecological relationships and be able to apply them to a scenario that is given to you
Mutualism ++, Commensalism +0, Parasitism +-
What is the “Rule of Ten”?
Only 10% out of the total energy available from 1 trophic level is passed to the next highest trophic level
Know the photosynthesis equation (inputs and outputs)
Input- water and carbon dioxide
Output- glucose and oxygen
Where does each stage of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
Thylakoid (light reaction) and stroma (Calvin cycle)
What is the disadvantage to plants having their stomata open ALWAYS?
Water will be lost
What is the difference between CAM and C4 photosynthesis?
C4= stomata partially closed during hottest part of day
CAM= stomata only open at night
What are the categories that ARE used in determining the various biome regions?
Temperature, rainfall, latitude
