Chapters 16, 17, and 18 test Flashcards
Abnormal Behavior
When behaviors violate social norms or make others anxious.
Dysfunctional/Disordered Behavior
Impairment of functioning that is disruptive to a person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive behavior.
Cultural Relativism
Not possible to use Western classification ideas and apply them across all cultures.
Abnormal behaviors can be understood only within the cultural framework within which they occur.
Assessment Tools
Interviews Clinical Tests Personality Inventories Response Inventories Psychophysiological Tests Neurological and Neuropsychological Tests Intelligence Tests Clinical Observations
Rosenhan Study
xperiment done in order to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis
the study concluded “it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals” and also illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions. It suggested that the use of community mental health facilities which concentrated on specific problems and behaviors rather than psychiatric labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities.
DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
Problems with DSM
Some argue that it lacks reliability – not everyone agrees on a diagnoses.
Some argue that it lacks validity – one person simply making a correct diagnosis.
Does not show causes or treatments.
Puts labels on people – Rosenhan study.
Cooper UK-US study
he overall pattern of diagnostic differences between the American and British raters indicates that the American concept of schizophrenia is much broader than the British concept, embracing not only part of what in Britain would be regarded as depressive illness, but also substantial parts of several other diagnostic categories—manic illness, neurotic illness, and personality disorder. These serious differences in the usage of diagnostic terms have important implications for transatlantic communication, and indeed for international communication in general.
purpose of diagnosis is to
Purpose of a diagnosis is to find a treatment.
DSM
bullet point list
5th edition (2013) American Psychiatric Association 300+ disorders Does not list causes (etiologies) Describes symptoms
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
World Health Organization (WHO)
Uses term Mental Disorders
Causes
The DSM Contains:
Essential features of each disorder.
Associated features.
3. Differentiated diagnosis.
4. Diagnostic criteria.
DSM-IV Case Study
Goal
How
Show it
Goal: Find out if your patient, Cindy, has a major
depressive disorder.
How: Match-up the facts from the case study to
the diagnostic criteria.
Show It: Use the checklist to verify your assessment.
One example definition of abnormal
behavior:
When behaviors violate social norms or
make others anxious.
Schizophrenia
If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer.
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
Evolving Views of Schizophrenia
Set of symptoms presently called schizophrenia identified in 1809.
Eugene Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia in 1911. It means split mind.
In the early 1900’s Adolf Meyer stated that schizophrenia was due to inadequate early learning and insufficient judgment.
Schizophrenia Today
Estimate is that 1% of the population in the U.S. has schizophrenia. Some estimates as high as 3-4%.
First episode may be as early as puberty and as late as your 40s.
Males mainly before age 25 (peak at 24)
Females usually after 25
People who are poor have a 3 times greater rate.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Perceptual Thought Affective
Difficulties Disorders Disturbance
(Emotions)
Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
Symptoms not present in normals
Hallucinations, disorganized thinking
Negative symptos of Schizophrenia
Absence of symptoms present in normals
Apathy, lack of expression, rigid bodies
Chronic Schizophrenia
Slow to develop
Recovery Doubtful
Negative Symptoms
Acute Schizophrenia
Develops rapidly
Recovery is better
Positive Symptoms
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized and delusional thinking.
Disturbed perceptions.
Inappropriate emotions and actions.
Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of
selective attention failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
hallucinations/ disturbed perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
apathy
catatonia
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (apathy).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).
Causes of Schizophrenia
genetic
diathesis stress
Genetics
Regular odds – 1 in 100
Parent/Sibling – 1 in 10
Identical Twin – 1 in 2
diathesis stress- due to stress over a eprsons lifetiem
Causes of Schizophrenia
3. Brain Abnormalities
Anatomy
Shrinkage of cerebral tissue
Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Fluid filled cavities of the brain
Dopamine Hypothesis
Dopamine Overactivity
Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
Causes of Schizophrenia
Psychological
Stress (War Vets) =
Family Communication =
Diathesis Stress
Double Bind
Causes of Schizophrenia
Behaviorist/Learning
Reinforcement for bizarre behavior
No reinforcements for proper behaviors
Causes of Schizophrenia
Cognitive
Schizophrenia develops as a result of trying to interpret strange sensory experiences. When talking to friends/family about this, they start to believe that others are against them.
Causes of Schizophrenia
7. Psychoanalytic
Hallucinations may represent unconscious attempt to substitute for a lost sense of reality.
Causes of Schizophrenia
Humanist
Lack of congruence between the public self and the actual self.
Viral Infection- Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.
Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:
A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.
Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.
Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.
Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.
Emotional unpredictability.
Poor peer relations and solo play.
Treatments/Therapy (Schizophrenia)
Biological
100 years ago
1930s-1950s
Drugs and Therapy Today
100 years ago – locked away in an
asylum.
1930s-1950s - lobotomy
Drugs and Therapy Today Thorazine, Haldol, Clozaril
Treatments/Therapy
Psychological
Milieu
Family
Group
Psychodynamic
Milieu (Life Skills Support)
Family (Communication)
Group (Social Skills)
Psychodynamic (Relationship w/therapist)
Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorders Phobias Panic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorders Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Low level anxiety Symptoms for 6 months Trouble sleeping Tense Difficulty concentrating Irritable ANS Arousal
Phobias
An intense irrational fear response to specific stimuli.
A fear turns into a phobia when it provokes a compelling, irrational desire to avoid a dreaded situation or object. This phobia disrupts a person’s daily life.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): haunting memories nightmares social withdrawls jumpy anxiety sleeping problems
panic disorder
Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Psychoanalytic Perspective
(freud)
Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
The Learning Perspective of anxiety
Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
The Biological Perspective of anxiety
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
brain imaging machine
A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
The Cognitive Perspective of anxiety
Thinking that harmless situations are threatening.
Focus on perceived threats and selectively recalling information.
Mood Disorders
Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms:
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
sings of major depressive disorder
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities
Dysthymic Disorder
Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more.
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
gloomy withdrawn innability to make decisions tired slowness of thought
manic symptoms
elation euphoria desire for action hyperaction multiple ideas
Biological Causes of depressio (Genetics)
Increased risk of depression if your parent or sibling is depressed before age 30.
If a fraternal twin has depression, the odds that the other will have it are 20%.
If one identical twin has depression, the odds that the other will have it are 50%.
Biological Causes of bipolar (Genetics)
If one identical twin has bipolar disorder, the odds that the other will have it are 70%
Norepinephrine
Increases arousal
Boosts mood
Scarce in depression
Overabundant during mania
Serotonin
Scarce during depression
Drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil help increase levels.
Physical exercise increases serotonin levels.
social cognitive perception - mood disorders
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad
Depression results from self-defeating beliefs about:
Ourselves
The World
Our Future
Social-Cognitive Perspective Causes- mood disorders
Beck
Attributions
Seligman
Beck – self-defeating beliefs and negative assumptions.
Attributions – who is to blame, the person or the situation?
Seligman – learned helplessness
Treatments for mood disorders
Biological
Cognitive
Biological – drugs like Prozac, Zoloft & Paxil to raise neurotransmitter levels.
Cognitive
1. Ellis – Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
to work on self-defeating beliefs.
- Beck – Cognitive Behavior Therapy
(CBT) to change thinking and
behaviors.
Depression Cycle
Negative stressful events.
Pessimistic explanatory style.
Hopeless depressed state.
These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Disorders
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Disorders
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Borderline
Antisocial
Chronic Fearfulness or Anxious Disorders
Chronic Fearfulness or Anxious Disorders
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-Compulsive
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological reasons. Youngsters, before committing a crime, respond with lower levels of stress hormones than others do at their age.
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
- brain imaging
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
The likelihood that one will commit a crime doubles when childhood poverty is compounded with obstetrical complications (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Client-Centered
Client is the center of attention and handles the interpretation.
Allows inner strengths and qualities to surface
Key Ideas For Therapist
Active Listening
Empathetic
Echo, restate, seek clarification
history of insane treatmentn
Philippe Pinel in France and Dorthea Dix in America founded humane movements to care for the mentally sick.
drug therap
Who Provides Treatment?
Psychiatrist (M.D.)
Psychologist (Ph.D.)
Counselor (Master’s)
Social Worker (Master’s level, M.S.W, L.S.W.)
biomedical therapies
drug therapies
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis (Key Ideas)
Resistance
Blocking anxiety laden material from
consciousness.
Interpretation
Patient insight from therapist (subjective).
Transference
The patient transfers the emotions linked to
relationships in their life to the therapist.
Behavioral/Learning Therapies
Applies learning principles in order to eliminate unwanted behaviors
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Counterconditioning (CC)
The pairing of a trigger
stimulus with a new
response that is
incompatible with fear.
Systematic
Desensitization (CC)
Associate a pleasant relaxed
state with a gradually increasing
anxiety triggering stimulus.
Aversive Conditioning
CC
Associate an
unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
Token Economy (OC)
A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or “tokens” that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.
Therapy & Ethics
Right to Privacy
Keep all information confidential
Right to know when information is released.
Therapist must report if the client says they plan to hurt someone.
Social Group –
Two (2) or more individuals
sharing common goals and interests,
interacting and influencing each others
behavior.
Social psychology scientifically studies
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Norms
are implicit or explicit rules that apply
to all members of the group and govern
acceptable behavior and attitudes.
A role is
a set of expectations (norms) about
a social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.
ZIMBARDO PRISON EXPERIMENT
Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role- appropriate attitudes.
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
ex. mob behaviorn
Pluralistic Ignorance
People decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others.
Social Loafing
is the tendency of an
individual in a group to exert less effort
toward attaining a common goal than when
tested individually (Latané, 1981).
group think
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Group Polarization
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes.
bystander affect
Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Altruism
An unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Social Exchange Theory:
Our social behavior is an exchange process. The aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Reciprocity Norm:
The expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us.
Social–Responsibility Norm:
Largely learned, it is a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us.
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure.
The group has at least three people.
The group is unanimous.
One admires the group’s status and attractiveness.
One has no prior commitment or response.
The group observes one’s behavior.
One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard.
Reciprocity Norm
- Social norm that we
treat people the way they treat us.
Compliance
The result of direct pressure to respond
to a request.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon:
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s group is better than the
others.
Scapegoat Theory
The idea that when our self worth is in
Jeopardy or doubt, we become frustrated and
want to blame others.
Ingroup:
People with whom one shares a common identity.
Outgroup:
Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup.
contact theory
Contact between antagonistic groups should
lower tension and increase harmony if they have
a superordinate goal.
attitude
A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events.
Central Role of Persuasion –
speaker uses facts and figures to enable the listener to carefully process the information and think about their opinions. If changed, the attitude is more stable over time.
Peripheral Route –
superficial information issued to distract the audience to win favorable opinion of product.
attribution theory
Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.
Attribution Scenario
Paul got a perfect score on his math test!!
Situational Attribution
Stable attribution (person-stable)
Dispositional or person attribution
The good grade is due to Paul
Situational Attribution
It was an easy test
Stable attribution (person-stable) Paul is a math whiz.
Attribution Scenario
Paul got a perfect score on his math test!!
Person-unstable attribution
Situation Stable
Situation-unstable
Person-unstable attribution
Paul studied for this one test.
Situation Stable
Paul’s teacher is easy.
Situation-unstable
Tough teacher – 1 easy test.
consistency
how similar the individual acts in the same situation over time.
distinctivness
how similar is this situation to others?
consensus
Consensus – how others in the same situation have responded.
