Chapters 16, 17, and 18 test Flashcards
Abnormal Behavior
When behaviors violate social norms or make others anxious.
Dysfunctional/Disordered Behavior
Impairment of functioning that is disruptive to a person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive behavior.
Cultural Relativism
Not possible to use Western classification ideas and apply them across all cultures.
Abnormal behaviors can be understood only within the cultural framework within which they occur.
Assessment Tools
Interviews Clinical Tests Personality Inventories Response Inventories Psychophysiological Tests Neurological and Neuropsychological Tests Intelligence Tests Clinical Observations
Rosenhan Study
xperiment done in order to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis
the study concluded “it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals” and also illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions. It suggested that the use of community mental health facilities which concentrated on specific problems and behaviors rather than psychiatric labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities.
DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
Problems with DSM
Some argue that it lacks reliability – not everyone agrees on a diagnoses.
Some argue that it lacks validity – one person simply making a correct diagnosis.
Does not show causes or treatments.
Puts labels on people – Rosenhan study.
Cooper UK-US study
he overall pattern of diagnostic differences between the American and British raters indicates that the American concept of schizophrenia is much broader than the British concept, embracing not only part of what in Britain would be regarded as depressive illness, but also substantial parts of several other diagnostic categories—manic illness, neurotic illness, and personality disorder. These serious differences in the usage of diagnostic terms have important implications for transatlantic communication, and indeed for international communication in general.
purpose of diagnosis is to
Purpose of a diagnosis is to find a treatment.
DSM
bullet point list
5th edition (2013) American Psychiatric Association 300+ disorders Does not list causes (etiologies) Describes symptoms
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
World Health Organization (WHO)
Uses term Mental Disorders
Causes
The DSM Contains:
Essential features of each disorder.
Associated features.
3. Differentiated diagnosis.
4. Diagnostic criteria.
DSM-IV Case Study
Goal
How
Show it
Goal: Find out if your patient, Cindy, has a major
depressive disorder.
How: Match-up the facts from the case study to
the diagnostic criteria.
Show It: Use the checklist to verify your assessment.
One example definition of abnormal
behavior:
When behaviors violate social norms or
make others anxious.
Schizophrenia
If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer.
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
Evolving Views of Schizophrenia
Set of symptoms presently called schizophrenia identified in 1809.
Eugene Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia in 1911. It means split mind.
In the early 1900’s Adolf Meyer stated that schizophrenia was due to inadequate early learning and insufficient judgment.
Schizophrenia Today
Estimate is that 1% of the population in the U.S. has schizophrenia. Some estimates as high as 3-4%.
First episode may be as early as puberty and as late as your 40s.
Males mainly before age 25 (peak at 24)
Females usually after 25
People who are poor have a 3 times greater rate.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Perceptual Thought Affective
Difficulties Disorders Disturbance
(Emotions)
Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
Symptoms not present in normals
Hallucinations, disorganized thinking
Negative symptos of Schizophrenia
Absence of symptoms present in normals
Apathy, lack of expression, rigid bodies
Chronic Schizophrenia
Slow to develop
Recovery Doubtful
Negative Symptoms
Acute Schizophrenia
Develops rapidly
Recovery is better
Positive Symptoms
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized and delusional thinking.
Disturbed perceptions.
Inappropriate emotions and actions.
Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of
selective attention failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
hallucinations/ disturbed perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
apathy
catatonia
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (apathy).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).
Causes of Schizophrenia
genetic
diathesis stress
Genetics
Regular odds – 1 in 100
Parent/Sibling – 1 in 10
Identical Twin – 1 in 2
diathesis stress- due to stress over a eprsons lifetiem
Causes of Schizophrenia
3. Brain Abnormalities
Anatomy
Shrinkage of cerebral tissue
Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Fluid filled cavities of the brain
Dopamine Hypothesis
Dopamine Overactivity
Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
Causes of Schizophrenia
Psychological
Stress (War Vets) =
Family Communication =
Diathesis Stress
Double Bind
Causes of Schizophrenia
Behaviorist/Learning
Reinforcement for bizarre behavior
No reinforcements for proper behaviors
Causes of Schizophrenia
Cognitive
Schizophrenia develops as a result of trying to interpret strange sensory experiences. When talking to friends/family about this, they start to believe that others are against them.
Causes of Schizophrenia
7. Psychoanalytic
Hallucinations may represent unconscious attempt to substitute for a lost sense of reality.
Causes of Schizophrenia
Humanist
Lack of congruence between the public self and the actual self.
Viral Infection- Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.
Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:
A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.
Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.
Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.
Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.
Emotional unpredictability.
Poor peer relations and solo play.
Treatments/Therapy (Schizophrenia)
Biological
100 years ago
1930s-1950s
Drugs and Therapy Today
100 years ago – locked away in an
asylum.
1930s-1950s - lobotomy
Drugs and Therapy Today Thorazine, Haldol, Clozaril
Treatments/Therapy
Psychological
Milieu
Family
Group
Psychodynamic
Milieu (Life Skills Support)
Family (Communication)
Group (Social Skills)
Psychodynamic (Relationship w/therapist)
Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorders Phobias Panic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorders Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Low level anxiety Symptoms for 6 months Trouble sleeping Tense Difficulty concentrating Irritable ANS Arousal
Phobias
An intense irrational fear response to specific stimuli.
A fear turns into a phobia when it provokes a compelling, irrational desire to avoid a dreaded situation or object. This phobia disrupts a person’s daily life.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): haunting memories nightmares social withdrawls jumpy anxiety sleeping problems
panic disorder
Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Psychoanalytic Perspective
(freud)
Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
The Learning Perspective of anxiety
Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
The Biological Perspective of anxiety
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
