Chapter 8

Question 1

two examples of Learning Influenced By Cognition & Modeling

Answer 1

Observational Learning (Bandura)
Social Learning Theory –

Question 2

Social Learning Theory

Answer 2

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Question 3

who theorized Observational Learning

Answer 3

Bandura

Question 4

mirror

neurons

Answer 4

the ones we use to learn and even change our way of feeling from what we see.

Question 5

Cognitive Maps

Answer 5

Tolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (i.e. a cognitive map).

Question 6

latent learning

Answer 6

Tolman- defined as learning which is not apparent in the learner’s behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear.

Question 7

abstract learning

Answer 7

relating to or involving general ideas or qualities rather than specific people, objects, or actions. abstract thinking. abstract ideas/concepts such as love and hate. “Honesty” is an abstract word. The word “poem” is concrete, the word “poetry” is abstract.

Question 8

insight learning

Answer 8

kohler- Insight learning is the abrupt realization of a problem’s solution.

Question 9

Learned Helplessness

Answer 9

Seligman-When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness.

Question 10

classical conditioning

Answer 10

objects take on new meaning when they are closely associated with some type of involuntary behavior.
such as when a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

– consequences determine behavior.

roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response

Question 12

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 12

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely.

Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 13

why did Thorndike use term instrumental

Answer 13

He used the term instrumental learning to describe his work because he believed the consequence was instrumental in shaping future behaviors.

Question 14

Reinforcement –

Answer 14

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 15

Positive reinforcement –

Answer 15

adding a positive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will continue.

Question 16

Negative reinforcement –

Answer 16

removing an aversive stimulus in order to strengthen a behavior.

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

an event that reduces the frequency of a behavior it follows.

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

reduces the occurrence of a behavior when the behavior meets with no consequence.

Question 19

in the bell food dog experiment, what is the Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 19

bell

Question 20

in the bell food dog experiment, what is the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 20

food

Question 21

in the bell food dog experiment, what is the Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 21

salivate

Question 22

in the bell food dog experiment, what is the Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 22

bell

Question 23

in the bell food dog experiment, what is the Conditioned Response

Answer 23

salivate

Question 24

Learning

Answer 24

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Question 25

who theorized classical conditioning

Answer 25

Ian Pavlov

Question 26

Acquisition

Answer 26

Acquisition is the initial stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.

Question 27

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 27

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation (CR) by using miniature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog’s body, salivation dropped.

Question 28

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 28

Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 29

is learning different or similar for all animals and who thought this

Answer 29

Pavlov and Watson believed that laws of learning were similar for all animals. Therefore, a pigeon and a person do not differ in their learning.

Question 30

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 30

Helps with phobias.

Question 31

Types of Learning

Answer 31

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational
Latent
Abstract
Insight

Question 32

who Operant Conditioning

Answer 32

Skinner

Question 33

spontaneous recovery

Answer 33

the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.