Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards
Hindisignt bias
The tendency to believe after running it outcome that one would have foreseen (I knew it all along syndrome)
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by theory
Operational definition
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. (Human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures)
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and other circumstances
Case study
And observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
False consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors (projection)
Population
All cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study and not number of individuals in a population
Random sample
Hey sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Naturalistic observation
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlation
Measure of the extent to which two factors very together and that’s at how well either factor predicts the other
Scatterplot
A graft cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the two. Suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables. Amount of scatter suggest the strength of the correlation
Illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Experiment
It’s not that and went to the investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (dependent variable) hi random assignment of participants, but experiment aims to control other relevant factors
Double blind procedure
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo
(Commonly used in drug evaluation studies
Placebo effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by ministration of an injured substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent
Experimental condition
The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
Control condition
The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating effect of the treatment
Random assignment
Experimental and control conditions by chance, that’s minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned groups
Independent variable
Experimental back door that is manipulated
Mode
The most frequently occurring score is in a distribution
Median
The middle score in a distribution where half the scores are above it and half are below it
Mean
Arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores then dividing by the number of scores
Range
Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Standard deviation
Hey computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
Statistical significance
Statistical statement of how likely it is that and a result occurred by chance
Culture
Enduring behaviors ideas attitudes expedition shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
