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AP psycology > chapter 9 memory and thinking > Flashcards

chapter 9 memory and thinking Flashcards

1
Q

what is effortul processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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2
Q

examples of effortul processing

A

Rehearsal/Repetition (Ebbinghaus)

Spacing Effect

Next-in-line-Effect

Serial Position Effect (Primacy-Recency)
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3
Q

Spacing Effect:

A

We retain information better when we rehearse over time.

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4
Q

Next-in-line-Effect:

A

When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say.

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5
Q

serial Position Effect:

A

When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. This is also referred to as the Primacy-Recency Effect.

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6
Q

Rehearsal

A

Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ

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7
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information

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8
Q

examples of autonomic processing

A

space

Time

Frequency

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9
Q

Space

A

: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.

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10
Q

Time:

A

We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.

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11
Q

Frequency:

A

You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

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12
Q

what three things do we encode?

A

meaning
organization
imagery

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13
Q

examples of Meaning encoding

A

Semantic (Details)
Visual (Better Than Auditory w/pronunciation)
Self-Reference Effect
Depth of Processing (Craik,Tulving,& Lockhart)

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14
Q

Semantic (Details)

A

Semantic encoding with pictures. The small person in the phone booth playing a trombone.

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15
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A 
We encode (and thus recall) information 
      that relates to us personally.
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16
Q

Visual vs. Auditory Information

A
  • Encoding imagery aids effortful processing because vivid images are very memorable. We tend to remember concrete nouns better than abstract nouns.
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17
Q

Visual Encoding

A

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

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18
Q

examples of Organization encoding

A

Chunking

Clustering

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19
Q

chuncking

A

Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below

Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.

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20
Q

examples of Imagery encoding

A

Mnemonic Devices
Method of Loci
Link Method

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21
Q

Mnemonics

A

A tool to help remember facts or a large
amount of information. It can be a song,
rhyme, acronym, image or phrase to help
remember a list of facts in a certain order.

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22
Q

Method of Loci

A

(Connecting Items to Locations)

Charcoal… backyard
Pens…..study
Bed Sheets….. bedroom
Hammer….. garage

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23
Q

Link Method

A

Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

24
Q

Sensory Memories (Sperling) time

A

The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

Iconic (eyes)
0.5 sec. long

Echoic (ears)
3-4 sec. long

Hepatic (touch)
< 1 sec. long

25
Q

Working Memory

A

Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds).

26
Q

Amnesia

A

The inability to learn new information or
retrieve information that has already been
stored in memory.

27
Q

Anterograde –

A

is the failure to store

memories after a trauma.

28
Q

Retrograde –

A

is the failure to recall memories that

have been stored before a trauma.

29
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome –

A

amnesia caused by the misuse

of alcohol.

30
Q

Duration

A

Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal.
The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

31
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986).

32
Q

Episodic

A

Stores our ability to recall specific incidents
from our past.
Sometimes referred to as declarative memory or
explicit memory (facts and experiences).

Processed by the hippocampus – think about the Clive
Wearing story

33
Q

Semantic

longterm storage bank

A

Network of associations and concepts that
make-up our general knowledge of the
world. Ex: Language

34
Q

Procedural (Skill)

A

Enables us to learn/do specific skills.

Sometimes referred to as implicit memory.

Processed by the cerebellum.

35
Q

Retrieval:

A

Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.

36
Q

Recall

A

person muyst retrieve information using effort.

ex. essay

37
Q

Recognition

A

Person must identify an
item amongst other
choices
ex. multiple choice

38
Q

Retrieval Idea #2 – Associations

A

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

39
Q

Retrieval Idea #3 - Priming

A

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called priming.

40
Q

Retrieval Idea #4 - Context

A

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975).

41
Q

Retrieval Idea #7 -

Mood Congruent Theory

A

We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.

42
Q

Retrieval Idea #8

State-Dependent Theory

A

We have an increased chance of recalling
information if we are in the same state that
we encoded it.

43
Q

Retrieval Idea #9 - Experience

A

As people develop expertise in an area,
central concepts become increasingly
elaborated, organized, and interconnected.

44
Q

Storage Decay

A

Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve.

45
Q

Proactive

A

– disruptive information of prior
learning on the recall of new
information.

46
Q

Retroactive

A

– disruptive effect of new
learning on the recall of old
information.

47
Q

Memory Construction scientist

A

Elizabeth Loftus is the
key researcher in the
field of memory
construction.

48
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading
information into one’s
memory of an event.

49
Q

what is memory Construction

A

While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent.

50
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

51
Q

Information Processing

A

The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.

52
Q

False Memory Syndrome

A

A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.

53
Q

Constructed Memories

A

Loftus’ research shows that if false memories (lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories.

54
Q

rote

A

memorization by repitition

55
Q

displacement

A

defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object

56
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

57
Q

eidetic memory

A

Photographic Memory

AP psycology (19 decks)

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