chapter 10 Flashcards
Phonemes:
The smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language. For example
example: bat, has three phonemes b · a · t
Morpheme
: The smallest unit that carries a meaning. It may be a word or part of a word. For example:
Milk = milk Pumpkin = pump . kin
Words
Meaningful units (290,500) … meat, pumpkin.
Phrases
Composed of two or more words (326,000) … meat eater.
Sentence
Composed of many words (infinite) … She opened the jewelry box.
Grammar
is the system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others.
Semantics
is the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. For example:
Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.
Syntax
consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. For example:
In English, syntactical rule says that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish, it is reversed; casa blanca.
Semanticity
Sounds of the human language convey
meaning.
Ex: Stop!!
Arbitrariness
There is no connection between the symbols
in the language and the meaning they
convey.
Ex: whale or microorganism
Flexibility of Symbols
We have the ability to use different terms
for objects in the world.
Ex: cars —– automobiles
shoes — sneakers
Displacement
Language allows us to talk about things or
ideas outside of the present moment.
Ex: verb construction for past and future
I am walking to school this morning.
I walked to school this morning.
Naming
Language assigns names to everything.
Ex: Pick any object in the classroom that
you believe does not have a name.
Productivity/Creativity
Through creativity, language allows us to
produce numerous new ideas.
Ex: Simple Language Device
Combine one word from column A, with one
from columns B,C,D,E and F. How many different
sentences can be constructed this way?
Convergent Thinking
Thinking pointed
towards one solution.
Divergent Thinking
Thinking that looks for
multiple possible answers
to a question.
Associated more with
creativity
chomsky theory
social interaction is needed for language developemend
babbling stage
begginging at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds. Not an imitation of adult speech.
ONe word stage-
beginning around first birthday, child starts to speak one word at a time and is able to make family members undertand them
TWo word stage
before second year the child starts to speak in two word sentences. Called telegraphic speech because child speeks like a telegram “go car”– I would like to go for a ride in the car
longer phrases
after telegraphic speech, children begin uttering longer phrases (mommy get ball) with syntactical sense and by early elementary school they are employing humor
Age?
Babbles many speech sounds
4 months
age?
babbling resembles household language
10 months