chapter 9 memory Flashcards

1
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

is the
key researcher in the
field of memory
construction.

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2
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

incorporating misleading
information into one’s
memory of an event.

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3
Q

Memory Construction

A

While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent

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4
Q

Misinformation Effect example

A

Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?

Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

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5
Q

Memory Construction example

A

A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit).

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6
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

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7
Q

False Memory Syndrome

A

A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.

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8
Q

forgetting

A

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.

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9
Q

Storage Decay

A

Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve.

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10
Q

proactive interference

A

disruptive information of prior
learning on the recall of new
information.

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11
Q

retroactive interference

A

disruptive effect of new
learning on the recall of old
information.

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12
Q

Recal retrival

A

Person must retrieve

information using effort.

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13
Q

recognition

A

Person must identify an
item amongst other
choices

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14
Q

retrieval associations.

A

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

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15
Q

Retrieval Idea #3 - Priming

A

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called priming.

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16
Q

Retrieval Idea #4 - Context

A

The conditions in which something exists or

occurs.

17
Q

Context Effects

A

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975).

18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986).

19
Q

Semantic memory

A

Network of associations and concepts that
make-up our general knowledge of the
world. Ex: Language

20
Q

Procedural (Skill)

A

Enables us to learn/do specific skills.

Processed by the cerebellum.

21
Q

Working Memory

A

Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds).

22
Q

Anterograde

A

is the failure to store

memories after a trauma.

23
Q

Retrograde

A

is the failure to recall memories that

have been stored before a trauma.

24
Q

Duration

A

Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal.
The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

25
Q

Semantic encoding

A

encoding with pictures. The small person in the phone booth playing a trombone.

26
Q

B. Self-Reference Effect

A
We encode (and thus recall) information 
      that relates to us personally.
27
Q

Visual vs. Auditory Information

A

Encoding imagery aids effortful processing because vivid images are very memorable. We tend to remember concrete nouns better than abstract nouns.

28
Q

encoding Meaning
Craik, Tulving & Lockhart (1972)
Depth of Processing Theory

A

Bottom Line – the deeper the meaning which we are asked to encode something, the more likely we are to remember it later.