Chapter 13

Question 1

James-Lange Theory

Answer 1

William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity comes before the emotional experience.

Question 2

example of James-Lange Theory

Answer 2

sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus), Pounding heart (arousal), fear (emotion)

Question 3

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 3

Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously.

Question 4

Two-Factor Theory

Answer 4

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

Question 5

example of Two-Factor Theory

Answer 5

sight of oncoming car (stimulus),
pounding heart (arousal—cognitive label “im afraid”
fear (emotion)

Question 6

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 6

Every emotion triggers an opposing emotion, lessening the experience of the original emotion.

Question 7

Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus)

Answer 7

We can change our emotions if we learn to interpret the situation differently.
Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal

Question 8

Primary Appraisal

Answer 8

an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity.

Question 9

Secondary appraisal

Answer 9

considers one’s ability to cope or take advantage of the situation.

Question 10

Type A

Answer 10

Chronic Stress

Impatient

Prone to Anger

Heart Attacks (30-40

Question 11

Type B

Answer 11

Relaxed

Patient

Not prone to anger

Heart Attacks (hardly before age 70)

Question 12

Type T Characteristics

Answer 12

Thrill and adventure seeking

Experience Seeking

Disinhibition

Boredom Susceptibility

Question 13

Embodied Emotion

Answer 13

We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

Question 14

Ekman & Matsumoto

Answer 14

When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (facial expressions are universal)

Question 15

cause of anger

Answer 15

Usually caused by ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.

Question 16

how to handle anger

Answer 16

Catharsis (emotional release)
Exercise
Write Down Feelings
Wait

Question 17

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Answer 17

When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

Question 18

Subjective Well-Being

Answer 18

Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.

Question 19

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon:

Answer 19

Our tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level defined by our prior experience.

Question 20

relative deprivation

Answer 20

Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with.

Question 21

physical factors that cuase anger

Answer 21

People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.