chapter9 Flashcards
Stereotyping
a widely held, simplified, and essentialist belief about a specific group.
Prejudice
an assumption or an opinion about someone simply based on that person’s membership to a particular group
Discrimination
the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation
Racism
is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices
Sexism
prejudice or discrimination based on one’s sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects women and girls
HostileSexism
:reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about a gender
Subtyping
a concept in object-oriented programming that refers to the relationship between two classes, where one class is considered a subtype of another.
Just-world phenomenon
the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
Ethnocentric
evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
Ingroup bias
is the tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups.
Social identity theory
social behaviour is determined by the character and motivations of the person as an individual (interpersonal behaviour) as well as by the person’s group membership (i.e., intergroup behaviour). People generally prefer to maintain a positive image of the groups to which they belong
Scapegoat theory
is a social-psychological concept that explains how individuals or groups blame others for their own problems or frustrations, often targeting those who are powerless or marginalized. This theory helps us understand mechanisms of prejudice, discrimination, and conflict within societies.
Institutional support for prejudice
the ways in which social, legal, political, and economic institutions can perpetuate discrimination and bias against certain groups. This can occur through policies, practices, and norms that, intentionally or unintentionally, favor some groups over others.
Socialization
is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, and social skills appropriate to their society.
Benevolent sexism
perceived as positive, protective, or chivalrous but nonetheless reinforces traditional gender roles and stereotypes. It subtly undermines gender equality by positioning women in a dependent or subordinate role under the guise of kindness and protection.
