chapter 10

Question 1

Physical aggression

Answer 1

Physical aggression involves harming others through physical force. This can include hitting, kicking, biting, or any other form of physical contact intended to cause injury or harm.

Question 2

Hostile aggression

Answer 2

Hostile aggression is aggression driven by feelings of anger and hostility, with the primary goal of inflicting pain or injury on others.

Question 3

Social aggression

Answer 3

Social aggression, also known as relational aggression, involves behaviors that harm others through damage to their relationships or social status. This can include gossiping, spreading rumors, or exclusion from a group.

Question 4

Instrumental aggression

Answer 4

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is used as a means to achieve a goal other than causing pain. The harm caused is incidental to the pursuit of another objective.

Question 5

Aggression related to:
Evolution

Answer 5

Evolutionary theories of aggression suggest that aggressive behavior has been naturally selected because it enhances survival and reproductive success. Aggression can be seen as a strategy to gain resources, protect oneself, or compete for mates.

Question 6

Aggression related to Neural

Answer 6

Neural influences on aggression refer to the role of brain structures and neural pathways in modulating aggressive behavior. Key areas include the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus.

Question 7

Aggression related to:

Genetics

Answer 7

Genetic influences on aggression involve the hereditary factors that contribute to aggressive behavior. Studies, including twin and adoption research, indicate that genetics can play a significant role in predisposing individuals to aggression.

Question 8

Aggression related to:
Biochemical

Answer 8

Biochemical influences on aggression involve the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in regulating aggressive behavior. Testosterone and serotonin are two key biochemical factors linked to aggression.

Question 9

Group influence

Answer 9

Group influence refers to the impact that group dynamics and peer pressure have on an individual’s behavior, including aggressive actions. Being part of a group can amplify aggressive tendencies due to factors like deindividuation and group polarization

Question 10

Frustration-aggression theory

Answer 10

that frustration, which occurs when a goal is blocked, leads to aggressive behavior. The theory suggests that aggression is an automatic response to the frustration.

Question 11

Relative deprivation

Answer 11

refers to the perception that one is worse off compared to others, which can lead to feelings of frustration and aggression.

Question 12

Displacement

Answer 12

a defense mechanism where an individual redirects aggressive impulses from a primary target to a secondary, less threatening target.

Question 13

Social Learning theory

Answer 13

suggests that aggression is learned through observing and imitating others, especially role models, and through the reinforcement of aggressive behaviors.

Question 14

Contributions of pain and heat

Answer 14

can increase the likelihood of aggression as they create discomfort and irritability, which can trigger aggressive responses.

Question 15

Arousal

Answer 15

a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli, which can increase the likelihood of aggressive responses when provoked.

Question 16

Imitation

Answer 16

involves copying the behavior of others, which can include aggressive acts seen in role models or media.

Question 17

Media influences

Answer 17

refer to the impact of exposure to violent media, such as television, movies, and video games, on aggressive behavior.

Question 18

Desensitization

Answer 18

the reduction in emotional responsiveness to violence due to repeated exposure to violent media or real-life violence.

Question 19

Cognitive priming

Answer 19

suggests that exposure to aggressive cues in the environment can activate aggressive thoughts and increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

Question 19

Social scripts

Answer 19

are culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations, which can include aggressive behaviors.

Question 20

Catharsis

Answer 20

the idea that expressing or experiencing aggressive emotions can release and reduce aggression. However, research often contradicts this notion, suggesting that acting aggressively can increase rather than decrease aggression.