chapter 3

Question 1

priming

Answer 1

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 2

Intuition

Answer 2

the power or faculty of attaining to direct knowledge or cognition without evident rational thought and inference.

Question 3

Automatic processing

Answer 3

a type of thinking or cognition that does not involve any effort or deliberation. I

Question 4

Controlled processing

Answer 4

a form of information processing that requires active conscious attention and effort.

Question 5

Overconfidence

Answer 5

the tendency to overestimate our knowledge and abilities in a certain area.

Question 6

Confirmation bias

Answer 6

the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed.

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

mental shortcuts that allow people to make fast decisions. However, they can also lead to cognitive biases.

Question 8

Representative Heuristics

Answer 8

when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation.

Question 9

Availability Heuristics

Answer 9

a type of mental shortcut that involves estimating the probability or risk of something based on how easily

Question 10

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 10

the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened.

Question 11

Belief perseverance

Answer 11

the tendency to maintain one’s initial ideas or beliefs in spite of new and compelling evidence that disproves them.

Question 12

Misattribution

Answer 12

the misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall.

Question 13

Attribution theory

Answer 13

concerned with how ordinary people explain the causes of behavior and events.

Question 14

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 14

a phrase in personality psychology that refers to the tendency to assign responsibility for others’ behaviors due to their inherent characteristics, such as their motives, beliefs or personality, rather than the external influences, such as the individual’s environment or culture

Question 15

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 15

also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect, is a cognitive attribution bias where observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors

Question 16

Situational Attribution

Answer 16

is the process of attributing someone’s behavior to external factors.

Question 17

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 17

a prediction that comes true at least in part as a result of a person’s belief or expectation that the prediction would come true.