Chapter4 Flashcards
ABCs of attitudes
Affect (feelings), Behavior tendency, and Cognition (thoughts
Implicit bias
when we have attitudes towards people or associate stereotypes with them without our conscious knowledge.
Theory of planned behavior
assumes that individuals act rationally, according to their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
Roles
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behavior
Cognitive dissonance
to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves
* Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another
Insufficient justification
Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient”
Self-presentation theory
assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
* To avoid seeming so, we express attitudes that match our actions
Self-perception theory
assumes that our actions are self-revealing
Self-justification
when a person encounters cognitive dissonance, or a situation in which a person’s behavior is inconsistent with their beliefs, that person tends to justify the behavior and deny any negative feedback associated with the behavior.
Over justification effect
The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
o Example: pay people for playing with puzzles, and they will later play with puzzles less than will those who play for no pay
Implicit Association Test
A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations
