Chapter 14 Flashcards
Altruism
refers to the selfless concern for the well-being of others. It involves acting out of concern for the welfare of others without expecting any reward or benefit in return.
Social-responsibility norm
This is a societal rule that tells people they should help others who need assistance, regardless of any potential rewards or punishments for helping or not helping.
Social-exchange theory
This theory suggests that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs. People help others when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs.
Reciprocity norm
This norm is the expectation that people will respond to each other in kind. If someone helps you, you are likely to help them in return, fostering mutual support and cooperation.
Empathy-based altruism
occurs when an individual helps another person out of genuine empathy and compassion for their situation, rather than for personal gain.
Direct
In the context of social behavior, direct interactions involve face-to-face or immediate exchanges between individuals, such as direct communication or assistance.
Indirect
Indirect interactions involve behaviors or influences that occur through intermediaries or secondary channels, such as helping someone because of a shared group membership or social network.
Kin selection
is a form of natural selection that favors behaviors that increase the survival and reproductive success of relatives, even at a cost to the individual’s own survival and reproduction.
Social capital
refers to the networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit within a society or community.
The bystander effect
is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one of them is to help.
Noticing
is the first step in the decision-making process to help someone in need. It involves being aware or conscious of an event or situation that requires intervention.
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Interpreting
involves assessing whether the noticed situation is an emergency or one that requires help. This step determines if action is necessary.
Assuming responsibility
is the process of deciding that it is one’s duty to take action and provide help. This step often involves overcoming the diffusion of responsibility, especially in group settings.
Time pressure
refers to the urgency to act within a limited timeframe, which can impact an individual’s likelihood of helping. High time pressure often reduces the likelihood of offering assistance.
Similarity to us
People are more likely to help others who are similar to themselves in terms of appearance, beliefs, or other characteristics, due to feelings of kinship or identification.
