chapter 8 Flashcards
Social facilitation
theory that states a person will likely perform better in easy tasks if they know other people are watching.
Social loafing
the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone.
Deindividuation
refers to a psychological state where one feels anonymity and a diminished sense of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension.
Group polarization
the idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members.
Groupthink
is a phenomenon in which a group of individuals come to a consensus without critical reasoning or considering the consequences or alternatives.
Symptoms of groupthink
An illusion of invulnerability,Unquestioned belief in the group’s morality. Rationalization. Stereotyped view of opponent.Conformity pressure. Self-censorship.Self-censorship.Mindguards.
Preventing groupthink
Be impartial,Encourage critical evaluation,Occasionally subdivide the group, then reunite to air differences,Welcome critiques from outside experts and associates.Before implementing, call a “second-chance” meeting to air any lingering doubts.
Evaluation apprehension
observers make us apprehensive because we wonder how they are evaluating us.
Mere presence
the mere presence of others increases arousal and, thereby, the frequency of dominant responses (i.e., responses with the greatest habit strength).
Risky shift
the tendency of group members to decide on a more extreme course of action than would be suggested by the average of their individual judgments.
Normative influence
usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs.
Informational influence
Informational influence refers to a type of social influence in which individuals modify their behavior, opinions, or beliefs based on the information they receive from others
Pluralistic ignorance
is a phenomenon in which people mistakenly believe that others predominantly hold an opinion different from their own
