Chapter14 Flashcards
major depressive disorder
includes l sever neg moods and lack of interests in previously enjoyed actvities…may be a sustained mood depresiiion for at least 2 weeks…feeling worthless, guilt, diminished ability to think, and make decsions, suidicdal thoughts….
persistent depressive disorder-dysthymia
deressive symptoms that warret attention but not as sever as the major depressive disorder…symtoms must be presnrt most days…mre days than not
Bipolar I disorder - Includes extremely elevated moods during the manic phase.
Manic phases cause severe impairments in daily functioning.
KNOW…Diagnosis is focused primarily on the manic phase; Depressive phase is not necessary, although often occurs…
Bipolar II disorder – Alternating series of extreme depression and mild mania..Requires at least one phase of severe depression.
this is less manic than bipolar1, so it can eb useful and rewarding,,,,because motivates person wafter depressive phase
Cognitive triad – Negative thoughts about the self, the situation, and the future.
not thinking high of oneself…ex..guilt…or feeling helpess of point in life an future….sayign person doesnt even have a future…more accurate view of reality….blame self when something neg happens….when its something good..think its external reason not self…so..therefpre no self serving attribution.
Psychopathology – 4 criteria
A sickness or disorder of the mind.
Deviation from culturally and socially accepted behavior that is maladaptive.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –
1952
Systematic categorization of mental disorders by the APA.
Most recent update: DSM-5, published 27 May 2013.
Categorical approach
– A person either falls into a diagnostic category or they do not.
How DSM classification works.
Dimensional approach –
People vary along a continuum of psychological disorders rather than in categories.
DSM-5 has a section promoting the dimensional approach.
Comorbidity –
The presence of multiple psychological disorders that occur together…ex depression and anxiety ocurring at same time
Assessment –
The process of a set of procedures used to examine a person’s mental health and potentially diagnose a psychological disorder,…gaol:to maeke diagnosis
Structured interviews –
Follow a specific set of questions; Interviewee’s answers are later coded according to protocol.
Requires less-skilled clinician.
Ability to compare individual’s answers to other interviewees.
Unstructured interviews –
No set direction for the interview; Interview is guided by interviewee’s answers and clinician’s experiences and observations.
Evidence-based assessment –
Empirical research guides the assessment of psychopathology, selection of appropriate testing and methods, and choice of diagnosis.
Etiology – The origin or cause of a disorder.
Factors can be: Biological Psychological Cultural Gender-dependent
Diathesis-stress model –
A disorder develops when an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) is exposed via psychological stressors
Family systems model –
It is important to consider the behavior in the context of the family setting.
Will offer clues to what is contributing to the disorder.
Sociocultural model –
Psychological disorders are a result of interactions between a person and their culture.
Internalizing disorders – Characterized by negative emotions.
E.g., Depression, eating disorders, anxiety disorders
More prevalent in women
Externalizing disorders –
Characterized by disinhibition.
E.g. Conduct disorders, substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder.
More prevalent in men.
Anxiety –
Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety without the threat of real danger.
anxiety:Physical symptoms:
Palpitations, sweating, trembling/shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness.
Cognitive symptoms:
Sense of imminent danger, derealization, depersonalization, fear of dying, fear of losing control or going crazy
Panic attack –
Four or more of these symptoms develop together quickly, peak within 10 minutes.
Phobia –
Fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion with the actual threat posed
Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
Characterized by frequent intrusive, obsessive thoughts and compulsive action.
Obsessions –
Recurrent, unwanted thoughts or mental images that produce high levels of anxiety.
Compulsions –
Actions performed repeatedly in an attempt to reduce anxiety from the obsessions
Dissociative disorders – Characterized by possessing disruptions of personal identity, memory, or conscious awareness.
two types: dicsscociative amnesia or dissociative id disorder(multipl epersonality disorder)..
Dissociative amnesia – The loss of memory for events during a substantial block of time; Often includes amnesia for personal facts
often this blcok includes amnesia on persoanl self and facts
Dissociate fugue – Loss of identity combined with physical relocation to a new place.
Often ends abruptly with the person not knowing where they are or how they got there.
dont know wherer they are or how they gto there
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) - The presence of two or more distinct personalities within the same individual, combined with memory gaps.
a thought is that it may be realted to childhood abuse…this is theory of why it arises…since they try to deal with the trauma……in 1980s…look at these examples in book….when able to activate these aspects..even their style of writing, gender, can be different….united states of terra…ex…of here personalities
Schizophrenia – Disorder caused by a “splitting off the mind” between thoughts and emotions; Results in changes in thought, perception, and consciousness
split btw thoughts and emptions..positve symptoms:excess of what is nrormal…neg: deficits in functioning…must be at least 2
hallucinations:Positive symptoms
Hallucinations –
False sensory perceptions that occur without a real external source..also happens auditory(more likely) than visual
Delusions – Falsely-held beliefs based on an incorrect interpretation of reality.expereicne
Persist despite clear contradictory evidence.
Tend to be culture-specific.
ex….perecution: others spying you or trying to hurt you
Positive symptoms
Disorganized speech – Speech that is incoherent, fails to follow typical conversational structure and shifts topics quickly.
may invovle CLANG associations-the stringing together of rhyming, but unrealted words…often not appropriate while speaking…also can do…emotios,,,talking about cats death..but being happy
Disorganized behavior – Behavior that is unusual, including bizarre physical movement patterns, strange speech, and inappropriate self-care.
May display CATATONIC behavior, a decreased responsiveness to the environment.
catatonia-ppl dont move at all: used to be a unique isolated type in DSM
Negative symptoms – Deficits in behavior, such as apathy, flat affect, slowed speech and slowed movement.
flat effect—no emotion…neg symptoms(deficit) nto necessairly means (bad)
Personality disorders – Characterized by an interaction style that is maladaptive and causes problems in social and work environments.
divided into 3 clusteres`
Borderline personality disorder – Characterized by a disturbance in personal identity, affect, and impulse control.
..
B cluster-Anti-social personality disorder (APD) –
Characterized by a lack of empathy for others and remorse for one’s own actions.
Referred to as psychopath until 1980.
Eating disorder-anexia nervosa…bulimia nervosa
..
Binge-eating disorder – Characterized by binge eating at least two times a week, but without purging.
eat faster..until uncomfortable full. eating large amounts when not physically hungry…feeling disgusted and eating alone…more pervalent in men and racial and ethinic minortites
Nuerodevelopmental disorders
disorders in childhood or thorughout the development….
Autism spectrum disorder – New diagnosis in the DSM-5 that groups all variants of autism (along with Asperger’s syndrome) together.
two components:less interactions…repetitive behaviors…severity accours in a continumm from mild(asperegers) to severe
ADHD – Characterized by restlessness, inattention, and impulsivity.
6 or more symptoms required to diagnose…tendency to diagnose when first go to kindergarden tbecause this is the first structured environment,.and have difficult acclimating to it…symptoms:___…stopped on slide 30?
PTSD – \avoidance of situations are reminders
… Disorder characterized by frequent nightmares, intrusive, persistent and unwanted thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma.
attentional bias
greater awareness and reactivity to stimuli realted to the original trauma
Mood disorders –
Characterized by disturbances in positive and negative mood.
Also called affective disorders.
mood-Depressive disorders –
Pervasive and long-lasting feelings of sadness.
Major depressive disorder; Persistent depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder – mood
Radical fluctuations between positive and negative mood states.
Bipolar I disorder; Bipolar II disorde
major depressive disorder
– Includes severe negative moods and a lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities.
Persistent depressive disorder –
Depressive symptoms that warrant attention, but not as severe as major depressive disorder.
Also referred to as dysthymia.
…..Diagnosis is focused primarily on the manic phase; Depressive phase is not necessary, although often occurs.
Impairment: Manic episodes.
Bipolar I disorder -
Includes extremely elevated moods during the manic phase.
Manic phases cause severe impairments in daily functioning.
Bipolar II disorder –
Alternating series of extreme depression and mild mania.
Mania is considerably less manic than Bipolar I; Mania may even be useful and rewarding.
Requires at least one phase of severe depression.
Impairment: Major depressive episodes
Cognitive triad
– Negative thoughts about the self, the situation, and the future. …Do not engage in self-serving attributions.
