Chapter 5-Consciousness Flashcards
consciousness
individuals subjective experience of the world due to brain activity…ex looking at our surroundings and thinking
subjective expereince
it is subjective bc we cant know if two ppl experience the wold in the same way…example the taste of an apple
brain activty
conscious experience of the world due to activation of specific neural networks, but no single brain area is responsible for awareness..its diff areas
automated vs controlled tasks
the automated don’t require conscious effort- walking home-bc we know our way there…so effortless….controlled is finding a room in death star…requires effort.
hemineglect
condition where there is damage caused to the parietal lobe(important for sense of touch and spatial layout of the environment)..Therefore the patient may be unaware that they are missing or deficient in half of their visual field…example only seeing half of the drawn house because that’s all they see is there..ex only shaving one side of face or makeup on one side
subliminal perception
mental processing that occurs outside our conscious awareness—so the stimuli is processed without us knowing or being conscientious of these processes…ex..being flashed with the word thirst influencing us to buy a drink, make us want to buy…ex the experiment with sentences made of elderly related words led participants to walk slower down the wall without them noticing
unconscious
unintentional uncontrollable effortless…is said to lead to better decision making
consciousness
intentional, controllable, effortful
sleep-circadian rhythm
pattern in which sleep is regulated.circa-about..dies=day….one cycle lasts 24…these patterns are influenced by cues from the environment such as darkness and lightness develops sleep-wake pattern and are present even if cues removed
melatonin
hormone released by the pineal gland that travels through the blood stream and is triggered by darkness and suppressed during lightness…so we get sleepy during nigh-time–so taken to fall asleep
Electroencephalogreph-EEG
measures brain electrical activity signaling it snot inactive during sleep
brain activity during sleep
1-begins with beta waves that are short and long-lived because we are awake…2-this transitions to stage before sleepso we are a bit drowsy)where we have moderate alpha waves..3-stage 1 begins with theta waves you may be easily awoken in this stage ..4-stage2 we transition into sleep where we have spindles and k complexes..5-stage3-4..we have delta waves that are slow…and we are more difficult to awaken..6)REM sleep.with fast beta waves..its.where you dream and most muscles paralyzed…lasts 90min
rebound phenomenon
REM sleep is so important that if REM sleep deprived then the person will spend longer on REM sleep as to make up for all the REM sleep lost
sleep disorders–insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, REM behavior disorder
INSOMNIA-inability to sleep may be due to anxiety over falling asleep it leads to poor mental health..OSA—air way closer during sleep that may lead to the person waking up to gasp for air…some may not remember to have waken up..dangerous..person may not wake up…a potential cause is obesity…NARCOLEPSY-excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours,,,REM behavior disorder-sleep paralysis doesn’t occur so ppl act their dreams,,,sleepwalk
adaptive function of sleep-theories
restorative theory=body can repair itself if needed(even hormone released for growth during sleep, so gets energy..circadian rhythm theory=animals sleep when in danger so that they are quite and hidden amount of sleep depends on animal vulnerability…..facilitation of learning theory=neural connections of wakeful learning are strengthened during sleep so it helps us learn if we sleep..increased memory..ex rat performance of maze when rem sleep
dreaming
there is no explanation or function for dreams but it is said that we remember the rem dreams more because they are much more bizarre and interesting…activation patterns allows visual and emotional areas to act w/o rational
Freud thoery-manifest and latent content
manifest content was how dreams were remembered and latent content is the significance of the dreams
activation synthesis theory
states that while we sleep the brain tries to reason out random neuron firings which is why it ends up associating it with memories…so some of our dreams are therefore associated with our expereinces
evolved threat rehearsal theory
argues that dreams are an evolutionary adaptation because it allows us to rehearse solutions to possible threatening situations
psychopharmacology
the study of drugs and their effects on the brain, thinking, and behavior
psychoactive drugs
drugs altering perceptions and mood by altering neurotransmitter systems
agonists
drugs that enhance neurotransmitter(NT) actions…by increasing NT# and mimicking the NT and binding to the post-synaptic receptors while also blocking the re-uptake of the NT in the synapse.
antagonist
drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter actions by decreasing the NT and increasing deactivation in synapse, they also bind to the post-synaptic receptors
withdrawal(addiction)
due to addiction, there is positive feedback that is increased with dopamine(NT that helps control, pleasure, reward and movement)…due to this positive feedback, addiction increases to the point where the person experiences withdrawal which are symptoms when the drug is not taken(sweating, nervous, anxious..etc)
TOLERANCE
the person has used the drug for a long time and so with prolonged use there is a need to increase the dosage to get the same effect
depressants(opiates and alcohol)
decrease neural activity and therefore slow body functioning…ex opiates such as morphine, codeine, heroine..drug binds to opiate receptors to increase rewarding effects of drug.and to dopamine receptors to motivate use…with alcohol there is a two way actions where there are rewarding effects but also depressive effects….so at times you will drink to avoid depression..its the most widely used drug
stimulants(caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA,LSD, Marijuana)
caffeine is the second most imported and most widely used drug worldwide..it increases activity of Ach(motor abilities, learning, memory), serotonin(emotional states-impulse control), dopamine(motivation&reward) and glu(action potentials&learning),,nicotine(in cigarettes)…cocaine..form cocabush…shortlived followed by crash..amphetamines…prolonged effect because increases dopamine levels but prevents the reuptake, so stays in the synapse leading to neural damage….MDMA-such as ecstasy..which long term use can lead to memory & mood impairments , dirupts circadian rythm-sleep pattern,.mild hallucinogenic…LSD…chemically similar to serotonin(5-HT…so may block 5-HT and damage the cells that produce it….tolerance develops fast, but can diminish if stop use.
marijuana
depressive, stimulant, and hallucinogenic preoperties
moral model
this approach to explain drug abuse, blamed the drug abuser for lacking morality and self control
disease model
another approach to explain drug abuse, arguing the the user was actually sick and needed medical attention rather than punishment…this model allowed for research funding to reverse the psychological switch leading to addiction
physical dependence model
drug use explained because user wants to and needs to avoid the withdrawal symptoms of their addictions
positive reward model
the explanation of drug use consisted of the positive feedback that was associated with the drug use–came from animal research indicating they could be addicted too
treatments to drug use
agonist that can activate same mechanism cab help wean person off drug….antagonism blocks effects of drug but therefore will result in withdrawal effects
