Chapter 5-Consciousness

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

individuals subjective experience of the world due to brain activity…ex looking at our surroundings and thinking

Question 2

subjective expereince

Answer 2

it is subjective bc we cant know if two ppl experience the wold in the same way…example the taste of an apple

Question 3

brain activty

Answer 3

conscious experience of the world due to activation of specific neural networks, but no single brain area is responsible for awareness..its diff areas

Question 4

automated vs controlled tasks

Answer 4

the automated don’t require conscious effort- walking home-bc we know our way there…so effortless….controlled is finding a room in death star…requires effort.

Question 5

hemineglect

Answer 5

condition where there is damage caused to the parietal lobe(important for sense of touch and spatial layout of the environment)..Therefore the patient may be unaware that they are missing or deficient in half of their visual field…example only seeing half of the drawn house because that’s all they see is there..ex only shaving one side of face or makeup on one side

Question 6

subliminal perception

Answer 6

mental processing that occurs outside our conscious awareness—so the stimuli is processed without us knowing or being conscientious of these processes…ex..being flashed with the word thirst influencing us to buy a drink, make us want to buy…ex the experiment with sentences made of elderly related words led participants to walk slower down the wall without them noticing

Question 7

unconscious

Answer 7

unintentional uncontrollable effortless…is said to lead to better decision making

Question 8

consciousness

Answer 8

intentional, controllable, effortful

Question 9

sleep-circadian rhythm

Answer 9

pattern in which sleep is regulated.circa-about..dies=day….one cycle lasts 24…these patterns are influenced by cues from the environment such as darkness and lightness develops sleep-wake pattern and are present even if cues removed

Question 10

melatonin

Answer 10

hormone released by the pineal gland that travels through the blood stream and is triggered by darkness and suppressed during lightness…so we get sleepy during nigh-time–so taken to fall asleep

Question 11

Electroencephalogreph-EEG

Answer 11

measures brain electrical activity signaling it snot inactive during sleep

Question 12

brain activity during sleep

Answer 12

1-begins with beta waves that are short and long-lived because we are awake…2-this transitions to stage before sleepso we are a bit drowsy)where we have moderate alpha waves..3-stage 1 begins with theta waves you may be easily awoken in this stage ..4-stage2 we transition into sleep where we have spindles and k complexes..5-stage3-4..we have delta waves that are slow…and we are more difficult to awaken..6)REM sleep.with fast beta waves..its.where you dream and most muscles paralyzed…lasts 90min

Question 13

rebound phenomenon

Answer 13

REM sleep is so important that if REM sleep deprived then the person will spend longer on REM sleep as to make up for all the REM sleep lost

Question 14

sleep disorders–insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, REM behavior disorder

Answer 14

INSOMNIA-inability to sleep may be due to anxiety over falling asleep it leads to poor mental health..OSA—air way closer during sleep that may lead to the person waking up to gasp for air…some may not remember to have waken up..dangerous..person may not wake up…a potential cause is obesity…NARCOLEPSY-excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours,,,REM behavior disorder-sleep paralysis doesn’t occur so ppl act their dreams,,,sleepwalk

Question 15

adaptive function of sleep-theories

Answer 15

restorative theory=body can repair itself if needed(even hormone released for growth during sleep, so gets energy..circadian rhythm theory=animals sleep when in danger so that they are quite and hidden amount of sleep depends on animal vulnerability…..facilitation of learning theory=neural connections of wakeful learning are strengthened during sleep so it helps us learn if we sleep..increased memory..ex rat performance of maze when rem sleep

Question 16

dreaming

Answer 16

there is no explanation or function for dreams but it is said that we remember the rem dreams more because they are much more bizarre and interesting…activation patterns allows visual and emotional areas to act w/o rational

Question 17

Freud thoery-manifest and latent content

Answer 17

manifest content was how dreams were remembered and latent content is the significance of the dreams

Question 18

activation synthesis theory

Answer 18

states that while we sleep the brain tries to reason out random neuron firings which is why it ends up associating it with memories…so some of our dreams are therefore associated with our expereinces

Question 19

evolved threat rehearsal theory

Answer 19

argues that dreams are an evolutionary adaptation because it allows us to rehearse solutions to possible threatening situations

Question 20

psychopharmacology

Answer 20

the study of drugs and their effects on the brain, thinking, and behavior

Question 21

psychoactive drugs

Answer 21

drugs altering perceptions and mood by altering neurotransmitter systems

Question 22

agonists

Answer 22

drugs that enhance neurotransmitter(NT) actions…by increasing NT# and mimicking the NT and binding to the post-synaptic receptors while also blocking the re-uptake of the NT in the synapse.

Question 23

antagonist

Answer 23

drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter actions by decreasing the NT and increasing deactivation in synapse, they also bind to the post-synaptic receptors

Question 24

withdrawal(addiction)

Answer 24

due to addiction, there is positive feedback that is increased with dopamine(NT that helps control, pleasure, reward and movement)…due to this positive feedback, addiction increases to the point where the person experiences withdrawal which are symptoms when the drug is not taken(sweating, nervous, anxious..etc)

Question 25

TOLERANCE

Answer 25

the person has used the drug for a long time and so with prolonged use there is a need to increase the dosage to get the same effect

Question 26

depressants(opiates and alcohol)

Answer 26

decrease neural activity and therefore slow body functioning…ex opiates such as morphine, codeine, heroine..drug binds to opiate receptors to increase rewarding effects of drug.and to dopamine receptors to motivate use…with alcohol there is a two way actions where there are rewarding effects but also depressive effects….so at times you will drink to avoid depression..its the most widely used drug

Question 27

stimulants(caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA,LSD, Marijuana)

Answer 27

caffeine is the second most imported and most widely used drug worldwide..it increases activity of Ach(motor abilities, learning, memory), serotonin(emotional states-impulse control), dopamine(motivation&reward) and glu(action potentials&learning),,nicotine(in cigarettes)…cocaine..form cocabush…shortlived followed by crash..amphetamines…prolonged effect because increases dopamine levels but prevents the reuptake, so stays in the synapse leading to neural damage….MDMA-such as ecstasy..which long term use can lead to memory & mood impairments , dirupts circadian rythm-sleep pattern,.mild hallucinogenic…LSD…chemically similar to serotonin(5-HT…so may block 5-HT and damage the cells that produce it….tolerance develops fast, but can diminish if stop use.

Question 28

marijuana

Answer 28

depressive, stimulant, and hallucinogenic preoperties

Question 29

moral model

Answer 29

this approach to explain drug abuse, blamed the drug abuser for lacking morality and self control

Question 30

disease model

Answer 30

another approach to explain drug abuse, arguing the the user was actually sick and needed medical attention rather than punishment…this model allowed for research funding to reverse the psychological switch leading to addiction

Question 31

physical dependence model

Answer 31

drug use explained because user wants to and needs to avoid the withdrawal symptoms of their addictions

Question 32

positive reward model

Answer 32

the explanation of drug use consisted of the positive feedback that was associated with the drug use–came from animal research indicating they could be addicted too

Question 33

treatments to drug use

Answer 33

agonist that can activate same mechanism cab help wean person off drug….antagonism blocks effects of drug but therefore will result in withdrawal effects