Chapter 9: Human Development

Question 1

Developmental Psyhology

Answer 1

the study of physical. cognitive, and socio-emotional changes across the lifespan

Question 2

zygote

Answer 2

conception to about 2 weeks

Question 3

embryo

Answer 3

about 2 weeks to 2 months

Question 4

fetus

Answer 4

about 2 months to birth

Question 5

teratogens

Answer 5

environmental agents that result in harm to the embryo or fetus during prenatal development…such as alcohol use..or thalidomide

Question 6

myelination

Answer 6

this is a way in which brain circuits mature. nerve fibers are wrapped im fatty tissue increasing speed that fibers transmit signals This begins in the 1st trimester with spinal cord in neurons in the 2nd.

Question 7

synapse formation

Answer 7

neaural networks are formed

Question 8

synaptic pruning

Answer 8

unused neural networks are pruned or in other words they decay and disappear bc they arent used

Question 9

sensitive period

Answer 9

the time period when specific skills are most EASILY developed with appropriate environmental stimuli..ex.such as how learning a language is easier when youg

Question 10

critical period

Answer 10

the time period when experience is necessary for development..such as social interaction when small

Question 11

jean piaget:schema

Answer 11

cognitive structures that allow us to quickly organize, process, and use information..ex)the schema is knowing that something w/ four legs, a tail, fur, and barks is a dog…and you see something that looks like a dog but much smaller and chunky…so you assimilate the new info cuz its still a dog…but then when your info includes a cat its unrelated info so must make a new schema that fits the cat

Question 12

assimilation

Answer 12

changing an existing schema to incorporate new,RELATED info

Question 13

Accomodation

Answer 13

creating a new schema to incorporate unrelated info that cannot fit into the existent schema

Question 14

object permanence

Answer 14

this develops in babys…up to their 2yrs…its when objects continue to exist even when they are not seem

Question 15

socio-emotional development

Answer 15

maturation of skills that enable ppl to interact with each other…ex…baby mimicking faces…joint attention-so where 2 or more ppl focus on the same objects

Question 16

attachment formation

Answer 16

the formation if a intimate bond or connection of two ppl persisiting across time and connection….and this is often bidirectional…..various ideas about this….1)attchmnt is adaptive so ifants that are closer to parent are more likely to survive..2)form of meeting infant needs.surrogate mother.3)repsonse of reunion after mother leaves is importatnt to understand attachment

Question 17

secure attachment

Answer 17

infant shows confidence in unfamiliar environments and is comforted when when reunited with caregiver

Question 18

avoidant attachement

Answer 18

type of insecure attmnt where the child ignores mohther and is not affected with the presence or absense of caregiver

Question 19

anxious/amblivient

Answer 19

tye of insecure aatmnt where the baby crys incessantly when caregiver leaves but is not able to be comforted when caregiver returns…

Question 20

authoritarian parent style

Answer 20

gives orders and exects obedience.does not really respond to childs desires

Question 21

permisiive

Answer 21

few rules and gives in to childs desires

Question 22

auhtoritative

Answer 22

sets rules and enforces them but explains to child why the rules exist….repsonds to needs when appropriate

Question 23

properational stage

Answer 23

2-7yrs-stage where cymbolic thinking emerges

Question 24

egocentrism

Answer 24

viewing the world through their own expereinces, no other perspective therefore dificulty seeing others views

Question 25

centrism

Answer 25

ability to focus on one problem at a time…ex, the same volume in diff cup sizes, the quarter arrangement in two rows, the graham cracker cut into 2 peices

Question 26

concrete operational stage

Answer 26

the logical thinking stage-12 yrs

Question 27

theory of mind

Answer 27

major development..where other ppl thoughts are understood..begins at 1yr….

Question 28

puberty

Answer 28

the physical development during adolescent years…when individual reaches sexual maturity

Question 29

gender identity

Answer 29

personal sense of femaleness or maleness

Question 30

gender roles

Answer 30

characterietics/roles defined based on F or M

Question 31

gender schema

Answer 31

cognitive structure that associate behaviors associate with men or female..ex girls playing with dolls and boys with cars

Question 32

formal operational stage

Answer 32

stage where individauls can think logically of abstract ideas and is concerned about futreue and ideological problems

Question 33

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 33

so ability to generate hypotheisis and deduce answers with logic

Question 34

cliques:social development

Answer 34

tight, close group usually 3-10 that spend time in and out of school..homogenous

Question 35

crowd

Answer 35

grouped together bxc share common characteristics

Question 36

liaisons

Answer 36

have friends in different groups not belonging close to any in particular(no clique)