Chapter 3-Biology and Behavior

Question 1

neurons

Answer 1

are the basic units of the nervous system since they receive(take in), integrate(asses incoming signals) and transmit(pass own signals to others) information in the system. They communicate through neutral networks among neurons.

Question 2

central nervous system

Answer 2

includes the brain and spinal cord nerve cells

Question 3

peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

includes all other nervous cells except those in the CNS

Question 4

sensory neurons

Answer 4

also called afferent neurons since they detect external info and transmit it to the brain..example….touching a hot object and instantly removing hand(somatosensory)

Question 5

motor neurons

Answer 5

efferent neurons that direct muscles to contract or relax by transmitting signals from the brain to the rest of the body

Question 6

inter neurons

Answer 6

communicate within local neurons only

Question 7

neuron structure=dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal butto

Answer 7

the dendrites are the branches at the end of the neuron that receives signals from other neuron’s terminal buttons. The center within the branches is the cell body aka soma where signals are processed and transmitted along the axon with nodes between the segments of the axon.From here the signal is sent from the terminal buttons in the synapse

Question 8

dendrites

Answer 8

branching extensions that detect information from neighboring neurons

Question 9

soma(cell body)

Answer 9

collects and assesses info from other neurons

Question 10

Axon

Answer 10

chain that transmits the signals onto the terminal buttons

Question 11

synapse

Answer 11

space where neurons communicate it contains the synaptic cleft which is the gap between the two neurons

Question 12

Action potential(neural firing)

Answer 12

the neural impulse that are passed down the axon, this occurs in a 3 step process within each node. First its at a resting period and then the action potential which is when potassium and sodium channels open and when they eventually close the potential returns to resting state.

Question 13

ALL or NONE:action potential

Answer 13

the actions potential within each node of the axon either happens or it doesn’t since there is no partial firing off the signals. The strength of the firing is constant and doesn’t go weaker or stronger with a particular stimuli…example…paying a video game and shooting a missile by pressing a button..the missile will be shot at the same strength regardless of how hard you push the button.

Question 14

refractory period

Answer 14

period in which the neuron cannot fire since sodium ions are no longer rushing into the sodium channels nor is potassium rushing out. the resting period is when there is a slightly negative charge within(creating polarization-so its at rest), because the the positive ion channels close

Question 15

excitatory signal

Answer 15

the signal for postsynaptic neurons that encourages the neuron to fire.

Question 16

inhibitory signal

Answer 16

discourages the neuron from firing

Question 17

5 steps of neutrotransmitter release

Answer 17

1) nuerotransmitter made in the axon,2)it is then stored in vesicles, 3)vesicles attach to presynaptic membrane, the membrane opens and releases the stored nuerotrasmitter to the synaptic cleft, as a result of action potential 4) these then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic of another neurons dendrite 5)if the released neurotransmitter is unbound then it is terminated by reuptake, deactivation, and autoreception

Question 18

reuptake

Answer 18

if the neurotransmitter does not bind to the postsynaptic membrane on the dendrite than it is taken in by the presynaptic membrane again

Question 19

deactivation

Answer 19

this is another termination process for the neurotransmittter that does not bind to the postsynaptic membrane….if deactivation occurs than it is terminated by being broken down by enzymes in the synapse.

Question 20

autoreception

Answer 20

the released neurotransmitter may bind to the presynaptic neurons

Question 21

examples of neurotransmitters

Answer 21

Acetylcholine-Ach, motor control of muscles, learning, memry………..Dopamine(DA)-voluntary movement, reward, motivation,,,,Seratonin(5)HT)-mood, hunger, sleep, attentiveness…..Norepinephrine(NE)-alertness and vigilance……Gamma(GABA)-primary inhibitor neurotrans..ar..if not present seizures and tremors…Glutamate(Glu)-primary exitatory neurotrans learning & memory

Question 22

brain stem-(central nervous system-part)

Answer 22

this part of the brain includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata…the brain stem is vital for surivival since it regulates heart rate, respiration, vomiting.

Question 23

cerebellum

Answer 23

coordinates movement and balance. So every lobe controls diff functions related to motor behavior

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

regulated body functions such as thirst hunger aggression and sexual behavior, also controls the endocrine system(communication network influencing thought, behavior, actions)

Question 25

Thalamus

Answer 25

center for all sensory info except smell which in contrast goes directly to the cerebral cortex

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

memory formation, May be subject to plasticity(change of the brain as a result to experience, drug, or injury..london cab drivers have bigger hippocampus(more memorization)

Question 27

amygdala

Answer 27

emotional association(+ or -)…associating expereince with emotions…ex eating an unpleasant food with disgust.The amygdala plays imp. role in responding to fear stimuli

Question 28

basal ganglia

Answer 28

crucial for planning and producing movement, they receive info from the entire cerebral cortex.any damage can lead to uncontrolled jerk movements.It contains the nucleus ganglia which is important for reward and motivation(from pleasurable experience)

Question 29

cerebral cortex

Answer 29

it is the uttermost layer of the brain and it is responsible for sensory integration(assessment), thought production, and complex behavior.t contains 4 lobes–occipital(vision, parietal(touch, spatial relations), temporal(auditory and memory), and frontal(thought, planning, movement..),

Question 30

occipital lobe

Answer 30

located at back part of the brain and are almost exclusively for vision , Vision is projected from the eye to the cerebral cortex

Question 31

homunculuc

Answer 31

shows a representation of the whole body indicating how much of the brain is in charge of each body part and function.

Question 32

autonomic

Answer 32

involuntary muscle movement,

Question 33

somatic

Answer 33

voluntary muscle movement

Question 34

contra lateral organization

Answer 34

right part of brain control the left part of body and left part of the brain controls the right part of body.

Question 35

differences btw endocrine and nervous system

Answer 35

nervous system has neurotransmitter that are released from terminal buttons, they travel short distances, and are fast-acting…….endocrine system has hormones released from endocrine glands and travel throughout the body but are slow

Question 36

pituary gland

Answer 36

the gland releasomg hormones from the cns to the periphery

Question 37

oxytocin

Answer 37

uterine contraction, lactation, romantic relationships

Question 38

vasopressin

Answer 38

social bonds, water balance, chronic stress regulation

Question 39

monozygotic twins(identical)

Answer 39

occurs when one zygote splits into 2,with same genetic info,and same prenatal enviroment

Question 40

dizygotic (frtaternal)

Answer 40

two zygotes develop at same time. differemt genes same prenatal environment/

Question 41

apoptis

Answer 41

intentional cell death