Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

behaviorism

Answer 1

human and nonhuman are born with the potential to learn anything…ex infants from sensory expereince

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

a relatively enduring change that results from expereince

Question 3

conditioning

Answer 3

a process in which environmnetal stimuli are connected with behavioral responses

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

when an animal learns to correlate two events ..its a type of learned process.ex…a bell ringing with food times

Question 5

operant conditioning

Answer 5

idea by K.B. Skinner was that our actions depended on the actions outcome. ex…we study because we know this will help us get good grades…this then determines or has an effect in the likelihood for the action to be carried out again..ex the cat pushing the lever to get food…bc he got food it made the likelihood of him pushing it…much greater(edward thorndikes puzzle box)(skinners box)

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

association btw the conditional stimuli and the unconditional stimuli…ex the CS being the bell and the US the food…//hint;acquire

Question 7

contiguity

Answer 7

the conditional stimuli and the unconditional stimuli must occur together and @ the same time..hint:continual

Question 8

exctinction

Answer 8

the weakening of the conditional response(CR) due to how the CS is repeated without the US…so ex…the bell without the food…hint:extinct

Question 9

spontanerous recovery

Answer 9

process in whcih the CR reemerges when the CS is present,,,buttttt it wont last if the US is not present…hint:spontaneous

Question 10

stimulus generalization

Answer 10

occurs when an object similar but not the same as the conditional stimuli is presented and it creates the same conditional response..example the two types of bells and the salivating dog….hint:generalization

Question 11

unconditional response

Answer 11

a response that doesnt have to be learned…ex…relfex

Question 12

conditional response

Answer 12

the repsonse that is learned and has done so bc of the conditioned stimuli

Question 13

unconditioned stimuli

Answer 13

stimuli elciiting a response that is not learned

Question 14

stimulus discrimiation

Answer 14

ocurrs when we learn to disitnguish btw two similar looking stimuli, one of whcih is ass with the US…ex…two similar types of plants one posionous and one not

Question 15

phobia

Answer 15

a response unproportional to the threat that actually exists….ex…realy scared to a tiny spider…tomatoe seeds

Question 16

fear conditioning

Answer 16

when human/animals are conditioned or made to fear neutral objects..(ex…little albert…bcause of the confitioonal stimuli used with the US)

Question 17

counterconditioning

Answer 17

reverting the phobia by introducing the feared stimuli to patient during enjoyable moments…

Question 18

recorla-wagner model

Answer 18

learning that some expectations are better than others….example the dog associating an electric can opener w/ food and then when a manual one was intorduced the dog payed attention to this changed and then also expected food when seeing the manual can opener

Question 19

reinforcer

Answer 19

a stimulus that encourages a response that increases in likelihood

Question 20

shaping

Answer 20

reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to get a similar and desired effect..example training a dog to roll over and rewarding or praising the action will lead the dog to know these actions are favorable and will learn other actions similar to it….getting on a skateboard

Question 21

reinforcement and punishment

Answer 21

looking at taking somthing away or adding somthing…not whether somthing is good or bad

Question 22

positive reinforcement(reward)-increase behavior

Answer 22

the addition of a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated…ex…working.leads to getting paid

Question 23

negative reinforcement(removal)-increase behavior

Answer 23

the removal of an UNPLEASANT stimulus increases the chances of the reperition of the behavior..ex taking advil took away the headache so we will take the medication more often..ex shutting the door because removal of noise will reinforce us to repeat action

Question 24

positive punishment(decrease behavior)

Answer 24

the addition of an UNPLEASANT punsihment will decrease the repettion of an act…ex the addition of an electric shock when the rat pushes the lever will decrease the repetition of this action…getting a speeding ticket we receive an unpleasant punishment to decrease behavior of speeding…

Question 25

negative punishment(decrease behavior)

Answer 25

removing the PLEASANT punishment decrease the behavior….example losing privealges because we did somthing decreases liklehood we should repeat that same behvaior since we lost

Question 26

continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

a type of learning in whcih a bevior is reinforced EVERY time it happens(hint continuos)…ex given goodies eveytime child gets a certificate

Question 27

partial reinforcement

Answer 27

learning in which behavior is reinforced at irregular intervals….sometimes rewarded sometimes not.so in other words..it will depend on whether it is administered constantly or on irregular intervals

Question 28

fixed schedule-(partial)

Answer 28

reinforcer is given constantly after a certain amount…so this allows for predicting what the outcome is…example…the constant pay rate will predict that we will get payed a certain amount the following payday

Question 29

variable schedule

Answer 29

reinforces is given at different times or rates…so the we dont know when we will recieve this reinforcer…example…a car sales perosn doesnt reveice a fixed pay check because they win different amounts each time deending on how much they sell…so this is not predictable

Question 30

partial reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 30

the less frequent the reincforcer the more resisitence to extinction….because for partial there is irregular points of reinforcement so hard to tell when it sabsent and so it is more likley to resist thatn if it is a continuos reinforcement

Question 31

superstitious behavior

Answer 31

our behavior is liked to superstition in the way that because there are theses coincident we begin to think they are true and are likely to be influenced bu them..ex black cats…or four leaf clover

Question 32

latent learning

Answer 32

learning by observation..w/o reinforcement…and thererfore because therer is no reinforcement it may not be shown that it was learned…ex the rat maze and food..of how the improvement of rats knowing the path was shown more whne they were given food then when they were not and made more errors until they were given food you could see they that those too learned the pathe but didnt show itr

Question 33

insight learning

Answer 33

arriving at a solution after contemplation of the problem…therefore we get an insight for thinking(hint insight)

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

obtaining new behaviors or changing own based on what is being seen…example kid violence video

Question 35

modeling

Answer 35

imitation of behavior through observational learning…example trying to dress like the best looking ppl..or baby mimicking faces(melzoff and moore)

Question 36

vicarious reinforcemnt

Answer 36

learning the consequences of actions by seeing how ppl were rewarded or punished(hint vicarious-learned by seeing others)

Question 37

mirror neurons

Answer 37

neruons activated when we observe and engge in the actiions…ex..when smiling we see other ppl smile and then we smile too

Question 38

Dopamine

Answer 38

acts on reinforcement and NMDA-learning, dopamine also has to do w/ classical conditioning

Question 39

intercranial self stimulation(ICSS)

Answer 39

the rats beign shocked by pushing lever,,forun it pleasurable and even preferred it to food

Question 40

liking

Answer 40

subjective sense of pleasure the user receives from the behavior..

Question 41

wanting

Answer 41

craving to perform behavior

Question 42

long term potentiation(LTP)

Answer 42

the strengthenung of a synaotic connection resulting in post synaptic neurons that are most easily activated…NMDA receptors are stimulated….also the LTP in the amygdala plays role in fear conditioning