Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards
behaviorism
human and nonhuman are born with the potential to learn anything…ex infants from sensory expereince
learning
a relatively enduring change that results from expereince
conditioning
a process in which environmnetal stimuli are connected with behavioral responses
classical conditioning
when an animal learns to correlate two events ..its a type of learned process.ex…a bell ringing with food times
operant conditioning
idea by K.B. Skinner was that our actions depended on the actions outcome. ex…we study because we know this will help us get good grades…this then determines or has an effect in the likelihood for the action to be carried out again..ex the cat pushing the lever to get food…bc he got food it made the likelihood of him pushing it…much greater(edward thorndikes puzzle box)(skinners box)
Acquisition
association btw the conditional stimuli and the unconditional stimuli…ex the CS being the bell and the US the food…//hint;acquire
contiguity
the conditional stimuli and the unconditional stimuli must occur together and @ the same time..hint:continual
exctinction
the weakening of the conditional response(CR) due to how the CS is repeated without the US…so ex…the bell without the food…hint:extinct
spontanerous recovery
process in whcih the CR reemerges when the CS is present,,,buttttt it wont last if the US is not present…hint:spontaneous
stimulus generalization
occurs when an object similar but not the same as the conditional stimuli is presented and it creates the same conditional response..example the two types of bells and the salivating dog….hint:generalization
unconditional response
a response that doesnt have to be learned…ex…relfex
conditional response
the repsonse that is learned and has done so bc of the conditioned stimuli
unconditioned stimuli
stimuli elciiting a response that is not learned
stimulus discrimiation
ocurrs when we learn to disitnguish btw two similar looking stimuli, one of whcih is ass with the US…ex…two similar types of plants one posionous and one not
phobia
a response unproportional to the threat that actually exists….ex…realy scared to a tiny spider…tomatoe seeds
fear conditioning
when human/animals are conditioned or made to fear neutral objects..(ex…little albert…bcause of the confitioonal stimuli used with the US)
counterconditioning
reverting the phobia by introducing the feared stimuli to patient during enjoyable moments…
recorla-wagner model
learning that some expectations are better than others….example the dog associating an electric can opener w/ food and then when a manual one was intorduced the dog payed attention to this changed and then also expected food when seeing the manual can opener
reinforcer
a stimulus that encourages a response that increases in likelihood
shaping
reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to get a similar and desired effect..example training a dog to roll over and rewarding or praising the action will lead the dog to know these actions are favorable and will learn other actions similar to it….getting on a skateboard
reinforcement and punishment
looking at taking somthing away or adding somthing…not whether somthing is good or bad
positive reinforcement(reward)-increase behavior
the addition of a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated…ex…working.leads to getting paid
negative reinforcement(removal)-increase behavior
the removal of an UNPLEASANT stimulus increases the chances of the reperition of the behavior..ex taking advil took away the headache so we will take the medication more often..ex shutting the door because removal of noise will reinforce us to repeat action
positive punishment(decrease behavior)
the addition of an UNPLEASANT punsihment will decrease the repettion of an act…ex the addition of an electric shock when the rat pushes the lever will decrease the repetition of this action…getting a speeding ticket we receive an unpleasant punishment to decrease behavior of speeding…
negative punishment(decrease behavior)
removing the PLEASANT punishment decrease the behavior….example losing privealges because we did somthing decreases liklehood we should repeat that same behvaior since we lost
continuous reinforcement
a type of learning in whcih a bevior is reinforced EVERY time it happens(hint continuos)…ex given goodies eveytime child gets a certificate
partial reinforcement
learning in which behavior is reinforced at irregular intervals….sometimes rewarded sometimes not.so in other words..it will depend on whether it is administered constantly or on irregular intervals
fixed schedule-(partial)
reinforcer is given constantly after a certain amount…so this allows for predicting what the outcome is…example…the constant pay rate will predict that we will get payed a certain amount the following payday
variable schedule
reinforces is given at different times or rates…so the we dont know when we will recieve this reinforcer…example…a car sales perosn doesnt reveice a fixed pay check because they win different amounts each time deending on how much they sell…so this is not predictable
partial reinforcement extinction effect
the less frequent the reincforcer the more resisitence to extinction….because for partial there is irregular points of reinforcement so hard to tell when it sabsent and so it is more likley to resist thatn if it is a continuos reinforcement
superstitious behavior
our behavior is liked to superstition in the way that because there are theses coincident we begin to think they are true and are likely to be influenced bu them..ex black cats…or four leaf clover
latent learning
learning by observation..w/o reinforcement…and thererfore because therer is no reinforcement it may not be shown that it was learned…ex the rat maze and food..of how the improvement of rats knowing the path was shown more whne they were given food then when they were not and made more errors until they were given food you could see they that those too learned the pathe but didnt show itr
insight learning
arriving at a solution after contemplation of the problem…therefore we get an insight for thinking(hint insight)
observational learning
obtaining new behaviors or changing own based on what is being seen…example kid violence video
modeling
imitation of behavior through observational learning…example trying to dress like the best looking ppl..or baby mimicking faces(melzoff and moore)
vicarious reinforcemnt
learning the consequences of actions by seeing how ppl were rewarded or punished(hint vicarious-learned by seeing others)
mirror neurons
neruons activated when we observe and engge in the actiions…ex..when smiling we see other ppl smile and then we smile too
Dopamine
acts on reinforcement and NMDA-learning, dopamine also has to do w/ classical conditioning
intercranial self stimulation(ICSS)
the rats beign shocked by pushing lever,,forun it pleasurable and even preferred it to food
liking
subjective sense of pleasure the user receives from the behavior..
wanting
craving to perform behavior
long term potentiation(LTP)
the strengthenung of a synaotic connection resulting in post synaptic neurons that are most easily activated…NMDA receptors are stimulated….also the LTP in the amygdala plays role in fear conditioning
