Chapter 7-Attention and Memory Flashcards
memory
nervous systems capacity to acquire and retain knowledge and skills…its a library from which we choose and don’t remember everything
infromation processing
process where we input sensory info and encode it in our memory and store it for later use…works like a computer…input encode, store, retrieve
equipotentiality
memory is distributed throughout the brain not in a single location…ex(hippo-campus, amygdla, prefrontal cortex),,,
atkinson, and Schiffin
when input is made,,,,the unattended sensory memory will easily be lost and or may become short turn memory that can be turned into long-term info
sensory memory
temporary memory lasting fractions of a second and are closely associated with sensory systems…exists like sparklers(lucesitas)…it takes in more than we can store so what we pay attention to, gets remembered.
parrallel processing
processing multiple types of info at the same time…and being able to pay attention selectively while blocking others .ex )looking at a scenery with targets and distractors..so .all black background with a single red circle.
serial processing—-visual search task
processing 1 type of info at the same time..ex..having to sort out red x and ys..where there are various colored letters
visual search tasks
looking for the target that differs on only one dimension(feature)…so looking for the one that differs from the rest….-1 dimension…so red objects
conjunction task
looking for the target that differs on two or more dimensions..(serial and parallel)….ex..target begin something red…and circles so two features(dimensions)
selective attention
ppl dont consciously process unattended stimuli,,,so for example not looking or told there is a gorilla but told to look how many times the black shirt ppl pass ball to black shirts….and therefore we pay more attn to the ppl playing basketball and dont notice the gorilla because our selective attn is not for the gorilla
change blindness
a failure to realize changes in ones environment….ex guy asking for map directions not noticing the guy who initially asked him was switched
short term memory(STM)
storage system that briefly holds limited info in awareness…but it has more capacity to retain than does sensory system…20-30sec
working memory(WM)
active processing that keeps diff type of info available for active use….this is…a more contemporary model of short term memory..this memory will be lost unless rehearsed or retrieved..
memory span
the STM can hold only limited amounts of info…usually 7+_2 items will be retained at at time
chunking
organizing info into meaningful units..for example given a long list of random letters…but organizing them into groups of three that help you remember them much easier
long term memory
the ‘permanent’ storage of info…its a limitless hard-rive,..although some info may be lost over time….
consolidation-how memory formed
from STM to LTM…the connections were formed using medial temporal lobes…the synapitc links made connections of these strong,,,and once they were strong, they werent needed…..HM was proof that if the medial temporal lobe removed…the long term memory was still intact..BUT there was no connection btw STM and LTM so then HM forgot everything immediately.
re-consolidation-how memories formed
neural process in which memory are recalled and then stored again to be used later.
How are memories stored??Maintenance rehearsal
repeating over and over…
How are memories stored??ellaborative rehearsal
encoding info in a more meaningful way so that easily remembered…ex with Mnemonics
memories recalled how?
semantic—what word means, how looks like..visual…acoustic..how sounds
schemas-meaning based memory
concept, models or representations (cognitive structures) that help us perceive organize and use info….stereotypes are a drawback
node-how memories are found
there are units of info within a network of associations helping us find memories
spreading of activation
activation of one node makes it more likely that related nodes will also become activated…so then you can retrieve info better with the more association btw nodes
retreival cues
anything that helps a person retrieve information in the LTM..such as recall when you see it ..or smell of a turkey reminds you of thanksgiving dinner
encoding specificity
any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience that triggers a memory…ex…context dependent memory…bieng in the same room while studying helps you remember more if you take the test in that same place too….
mnemonics
learning aids, strategies, and devices to retrieve…ex..roygbiv…pemdas
explicit memory
the systems underlying conscious memory…info we know/
episodic
memory for ones personal past experience…ex…16bday
semantic
memory for facts separate form ones own experience…ex….who the 16ht president was
implicit memory
system underlying unconscious memory…ex…riding a bike…tying shoes…we know how to do it but its difficult to put these into words…cant really describe how to ride a bike…its something you learn and just remember how to do
procedural memory
type of implicit memory involving motor skills and behavior habits…which is why difficult to forget them
prospective memory
remembering to do something at some future time,,,example going to an appt tomorrow
forgetting
inability to retrieve memory form long-term storage..this is adaptive…journalist that couldn’t forget
transcience
forgetting over time..ex forgetting movie plot ..two types,,,,,proactive(old info inhibits remembering new) and retroactive(new info prevents old info from being remembered
blocking
temporary inability to remember needed info,that you know…its like blanking,,,,ex cant remember name of person you met in the street
absentmindedness
the inattentiveness or shallow encoding of information or events….ex..so reduced memory bc..cant pay attention…losing keys
persistence
the continual re-occurrence of unwanted memories…cant forget…ex…remembering an embarrassing event..
amnesia
a deficit in LTM resulting from disease, brain injury or psychological trauma in which person loses ability to retrieve info
retrogade-RET
lose past memories
anterograde-ANT
lose ability to make new memories….H.M
memory bias(DISTortion)-BIAS
the changing of memories over time so they are cosnisent with current knowledge or beliefs…ex..remembering past ideas and thinking they have been the same so as to keep up with current
flashbulb memories—FLASH
vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in whcih ppl first learned of a suroirsin event…9/11 are better rememebered bc of how surprising it was…
source misattribution
occurs when ppl misremember the time , place, person, involved in a memory…ex…thinking someone is famous because you’ve hear their name before
cross race effect
tendency to remember faces of members of own race better than those of other races,,,we get less false positives
out group homogeneity effect
out groups are perceived as homogenous…ex..all Mexicans look alike,,,all Asians
look alike
inter group contact
better recognition at familiar races
weapon focus
attention focused on the weapon as the opposer rather than the person will lead the witness to remember less of the perpetrator
cue-utilization hypothesis-WEAPON EX
as emotional arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases/…
Target Present- EYEWITNESS
line up procedure where the perpetrator is in the line up
target absent
police suspect is innocent and therefore there is no perpetrator in the lineup…so police cant even tell if target present or absent line up is being done
simultaeous line up
all suspects are presented at the same time
sequential line up
suspects are presented one at at time and the witness cannot go back to compare photos or individuals…this results in 65% correct rejection
suggestibility
the development of biased memory as the result of misinformation…ex…remembering event that didn’t happen…the rape event and accusation o the dad
misinformation effect
recall of episodic memories become less accurate due to post event info…ppl shown slides of car at a yield sign…told read about seeing the car at a stop sign and then said they had seen it at a stop sign in the slides..
overwriting hypothesis-theory of memory/misinformation
is the old memory replaced by the new one?
coexistence/reduced accessibility hypothesis–theory of memory/misinformation
is the old memory fighting for activation with the new memory?
no impatient impairment–theory of memory/misinformation
do we say what we want others to hear?
source monitoring hypothesis–theory of memory/misinformation
we remember info ,we just have difficult determining if it was experienced info or info we later heard
