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PSC1 > Chapter 7-Attention and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7-Attention and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

nervous systems capacity to acquire and retain knowledge and skills…its a library from which we choose and don’t remember everything

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2
Q

infromation processing

A

process where we input sensory info and encode it in our memory and store it for later use…works like a computer…input encode, store, retrieve

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3
Q

equipotentiality

A

memory is distributed throughout the brain not in a single location…ex(hippo-campus, amygdla, prefrontal cortex),,,

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4
Q

atkinson, and Schiffin

A

when input is made,,,,the unattended sensory memory will easily be lost and or may become short turn memory that can be turned into long-term info

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

temporary memory lasting fractions of a second and are closely associated with sensory systems…exists like sparklers(lucesitas)…it takes in more than we can store so what we pay attention to, gets remembered.

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6
Q

parrallel processing

A

processing multiple types of info at the same time…and being able to pay attention selectively while blocking others .ex )looking at a scenery with targets and distractors..so .all black background with a single red circle.

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7
Q

serial processing—-visual search task

A

processing 1 type of info at the same time..ex..having to sort out red x and ys..where there are various colored letters

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8
Q

visual search tasks

A

looking for the target that differs on only one dimension(feature)…so looking for the one that differs from the rest….-1 dimension…so red objects

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9
Q

conjunction task

A

looking for the target that differs on two or more dimensions..(serial and parallel)….ex..target begin something red…and circles so two features(dimensions)

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10
Q

selective attention

A

ppl dont consciously process unattended stimuli,,,so for example not looking or told there is a gorilla but told to look how many times the black shirt ppl pass ball to black shirts….and therefore we pay more attn to the ppl playing basketball and dont notice the gorilla because our selective attn is not for the gorilla

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11
Q

change blindness

A

a failure to realize changes in ones environment….ex guy asking for map directions not noticing the guy who initially asked him was switched

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12
Q

short term memory(STM)

A

storage system that briefly holds limited info in awareness…but it has more capacity to retain than does sensory system…20-30sec

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13
Q

working memory(WM)

A

active processing that keeps diff type of info available for active use….this is…a more contemporary model of short term memory..this memory will be lost unless rehearsed or retrieved..

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14
Q

memory span

A

the STM can hold only limited amounts of info…usually 7+_2 items will be retained at at time

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15
Q

chunking

A

organizing info into meaningful units..for example given a long list of random letters…but organizing them into groups of three that help you remember them much easier

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16
Q

long term memory

A

the ‘permanent’ storage of info…its a limitless hard-rive,..although some info may be lost over time….

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17
Q

consolidation-how memory formed

A

from STM to LTM…the connections were formed using medial temporal lobes…the synapitc links made connections of these strong,,,and once they were strong, they werent needed…..HM was proof that if the medial temporal lobe removed…the long term memory was still intact..BUT there was no connection btw STM and LTM so then HM forgot everything immediately.

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18
Q

re-consolidation-how memories formed

A

neural process in which memory are recalled and then stored again to be used later.

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19
Q

How are memories stored??Maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating over and over…

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20
Q

How are memories stored??ellaborative rehearsal

A

encoding info in a more meaningful way so that easily remembered…ex with Mnemonics

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21
Q

memories recalled how?

A

semantic—what word means, how looks like..visual…acoustic..how sounds

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22
Q

schemas-meaning based memory

A

concept, models or representations (cognitive structures) that help us perceive organize and use info….stereotypes are a drawback

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23
Q

node-how memories are found

A

there are units of info within a network of associations helping us find memories

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24
Q

spreading of activation

A

activation of one node makes it more likely that related nodes will also become activated…so then you can retrieve info better with the more association btw nodes

25
Q

retreival cues

A

anything that helps a person retrieve information in the LTM..such as recall when you see it ..or smell of a turkey reminds you of thanksgiving dinner

26
Q

encoding specificity

A

any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience that triggers a memory…ex…context dependent memory…bieng in the same room while studying helps you remember more if you take the test in that same place too….

27
Q

mnemonics

A

learning aids, strategies, and devices to retrieve…ex..roygbiv…pemdas

28
Q

explicit memory

A

the systems underlying conscious memory…info we know/

29
Q

episodic

A

memory for ones personal past experience…ex…16bday

30
Q

semantic

A

memory for facts separate form ones own experience…ex….who the 16ht president was

31
Q

implicit memory

A

system underlying unconscious memory…ex…riding a bike…tying shoes…we know how to do it but its difficult to put these into words…cant really describe how to ride a bike…its something you learn and just remember how to do

32
Q

procedural memory

A

type of implicit memory involving motor skills and behavior habits…which is why difficult to forget them

33
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something at some future time,,,example going to an appt tomorrow

34
Q

forgetting

A

inability to retrieve memory form long-term storage..this is adaptive…journalist that couldn’t forget

35
Q

transcience

A

forgetting over time..ex forgetting movie plot ..two types,,,,,proactive(old info inhibits remembering new) and retroactive(new info prevents old info from being remembered

36
Q

blocking

A

temporary inability to remember needed info,that you know…its like blanking,,,,ex cant remember name of person you met in the street

37
Q

absentmindedness

A

the inattentiveness or shallow encoding of information or events….ex..so reduced memory bc..cant pay attention…losing keys

38
Q

persistence

A

the continual re-occurrence of unwanted memories…cant forget…ex…remembering an embarrassing event..

39
Q

amnesia

A

a deficit in LTM resulting from disease, brain injury or psychological trauma in which person loses ability to retrieve info

40
Q

retrogade-RET

A

lose past memories

41
Q

anterograde-ANT

A

lose ability to make new memories….H.M

42
Q

memory bias(DISTortion)-BIAS

A

the changing of memories over time so they are cosnisent with current knowledge or beliefs…ex..remembering past ideas and thinking they have been the same so as to keep up with current

43
Q

flashbulb memories—FLASH

A

vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in whcih ppl first learned of a suroirsin event…9/11 are better rememebered bc of how surprising it was…

44
Q

source misattribution

A

occurs when ppl misremember the time , place, person, involved in a memory…ex…thinking someone is famous because you’ve hear their name before

45
Q

cross race effect

A

tendency to remember faces of members of own race better than those of other races,,,we get less false positives

46
Q

out group homogeneity effect

A

out groups are perceived as homogenous…ex..all Mexicans look alike,,,all Asians
look alike

47
Q

inter group contact

A

better recognition at familiar races

48
Q

weapon focus

A

attention focused on the weapon as the opposer rather than the person will lead the witness to remember less of the perpetrator

49
Q

cue-utilization hypothesis-WEAPON EX

A

as emotional arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases/…

50
Q

Target Present- EYEWITNESS

A

line up procedure where the perpetrator is in the line up

51
Q

target absent

A

police suspect is innocent and therefore there is no perpetrator in the lineup…so police cant even tell if target present or absent line up is being done

52
Q

simultaeous line up

A

all suspects are presented at the same time

53
Q

sequential line up

A

suspects are presented one at at time and the witness cannot go back to compare photos or individuals…this results in 65% correct rejection

54
Q

suggestibility

A

the development of biased memory as the result of misinformation…ex…remembering event that didn’t happen…the rape event and accusation o the dad

55
Q

misinformation effect

A

recall of episodic memories become less accurate due to post event info…ppl shown slides of car at a yield sign…told read about seeing the car at a stop sign and then said they had seen it at a stop sign in the slides..

56
Q

overwriting hypothesis-theory of memory/misinformation

A

is the old memory replaced by the new one?

57
Q

coexistence/reduced accessibility hypothesis–theory of memory/misinformation

A

is the old memory fighting for activation with the new memory?

58
Q

no impatient impairment–theory of memory/misinformation

A

do we say what we want others to hear?

59
Q

source monitoring hypothesis–theory of memory/misinformation

A

we remember info ,we just have difficult determining if it was experienced info or info we later heard

PSC1 (15 decks)

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