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Chapter Ten- Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

Dur/o

A

Dura matter

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3
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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4
Q

Gli/o

A

Glial cells

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5
Q

Lept/o

A

Thin, slender

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6
Q

Mening/o, meningi/o

A

Membranes, meninges

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7
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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8
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord (bone marrow)

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9
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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10
Q

Pont/o

A

Pons

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11
Q

Radicul/o

A

Nerve root (of spinal nerves)

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12
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

Thec/o

A

Sheath

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14
Q

Vag/o

A

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

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15
Q

Alges/o, -algesia

A

Excessive sensitivity to pain

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16
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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17
Q

Caus/o

A

Burning

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18
Q

Comat/o

A

Deep sleep (coma)

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19
Q

Esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

Feeling, nervous sensation

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20
Q

Kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

A

Movement

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21
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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22
Q

Lex/o

A

Word, phrase

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23
Q

-paresis

A

Weakness

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24
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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25
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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26
Q

-praxia

A

Action

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27
Q

-sthenia

A

Strength

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28
Q

Syncop/o

A

To cut off, cut short

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29
Q

Tax/o

A

Order, coordination

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30
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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32
Q

Afferent nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)

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33
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

Astrocyte

A

Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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35
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Nerves that control involuntary body function and muscles, glands, and internal organs

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36
Q

Axon

A

Microscopic fibers that carry the nerve impulse along a nerve cell

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37
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

38
Q

Brain stem

A

Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata

39
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

40
Q

Cell body

A

Part of a nerve that contains the nucleus

41
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and the spinal cord

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

43
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

44
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Circulated throughout the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

46
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck

47
Q

Dendrite

A

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

48
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Efferent nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

50
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes from within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

52
Q

Glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses (astrocytes etc)

53
Q

Gyrus

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp, and secretions from the pituitary gland

55
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here

56
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

57
Q

Microglial cell

A

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

58
Q

Motor nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

59
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

60
Q

Nerve

A

Macroscopic cord like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

61
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

62
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell

63
Q

Oligiodendroglial cell

A

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

64
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract

65
Q

Parenchyma

A

Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system (brain, spinal cord, and neurons)

66
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves

67
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

68
Q

Plexus

A

Large, interlacing network of nerves

69
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain (bridge)

70
Q

Receptor

A

Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent neves (skin, ears, eyes)

71
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Nerve extending from the base of the spins down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

72
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

73
Q

Sensory nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

74
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Thirty one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

75
Q

Stimulus

A

Agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

76
Q

Stroma

A

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ

77
Q

Sulcus

A

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

78
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

79
Q

Synapse

A

Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

80
Q

Thalamus

A

Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

81
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Tenth cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus and stomach.

82
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

83
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

Samples of CSF are examined

84
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material

85
Q

Computed tomography (CT) of the brain

A

X-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

86
Q

Myelography

A

X-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space

87
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

88
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image in the metabolic activity of cells

89
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

90
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain

91
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

92
Q

Stereotactic radio surgery

A

Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

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