Chapter Eleven- Pathology

Question 1

Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Answer 1

Failure of proper conduction of impulse from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Question 2

Flutter

Answer 2

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

Question 3

Fibrillation

Answer 3

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

Question 4

Arrhythmias

Answer 4

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

Question 5

Congenital heart disease

Answer 5

Abnormalities in the heart at birth

Question 6

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Answer 6

Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

Question 7

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 7

Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

Question 8

Septal defects

Answer 8

Small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

Question 9

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 9

Congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

Question 10

Congestive heart failure

Answer 10

Heart is unable to pump it’s required amount of blood

Question 11

Coronary artery disease

Answer 11

Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Question 12

Endocarditis

Answer 12

Unflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 13

Hypertensive heart disease

Answer 13

High blood pressure affecting the heart

Question 14

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 14

Improper closure of the mitral valve

Question 15

Murmur

Answer 15

Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

Question 16

Pericarditis

Answer 16

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Question 17

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 17

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

Question 18

Aneurysm

Answer 18

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

Question 19

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 19

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

Question 20

Hypertension (HTN)

Answer 20

High blood pressure

Question 21

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Answer 21

Blockage of the arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

Question 22

Raynaud disease

Answer 22

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Question 23

Varicose veins

Answer 23

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

Question 24

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

Answer 24

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction, which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

Question 25

Angina (pectoris)

Answer 25

Chest pain

Question 26

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Answer 26

Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin causing blood vessels to dial ate

Question 27

Auscultation

Answer 27

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using s stethoscope

Question 28

Beta-blocker

Answer 28

Drug used to treat angina

Question 29

Biventricular pacemaker

Answer 29

Device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

Question 30

Bruit

Answer 30

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

Question 31

Calcium channel blocker

Answer 31

Drug used to treat angina and hypertension; dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

Question 32

Cardiac arrest

Answer 32

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action

Question 33

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 33

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

Question 34

Claudication

Answer 34

Pain, tension and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

Question 35

Digoxin

Answer 35

Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

Question 36

Embolus

Answer 36

Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

Question 37

Infarction

Answer 37

Area of dead tissue

Question 38

Nitrates

Answer 38

Drugs used to treat angina

Question 39

Nitroglycerin

Answer 39

Relieves angina

Question 40

Occlusion

Answer 40

Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

Question 41

Palpitations

Answer 41

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias (PVCs)

Question 42

Patent

Answer 42

Open

Question 43

Pericardial friction rub

Answer 43

Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart

Question 44

Petechiae

Answer 44

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages

Question 45

Statins

Answer 45

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

Question 46

Thrill

Answer 46

Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow

Question 47

Vegetations

Answer 47

Clump of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells in diseased heart valves