Chapter Eleven- Pathology Flashcards
Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
Failure of proper conduction of impulse from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Flutter
Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
Fibrillation
Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
Arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)
Congenital heart disease
Abnormalities in the heart at birth
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
Septal defects
Small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
Tetralogy of Fallot
Congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects
Congestive heart failure
Heart is unable to pump it’s required amount of blood
Coronary artery disease
Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
Endocarditis
Unflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Hypertensive heart disease
High blood pressure affecting the heart
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Improper closure of the mitral valve
Murmur
Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
Rheumatic heart disease
Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
Aneurysm
Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
Hypertension (HTN)
High blood pressure
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Blockage of the arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
Raynaud disease
Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
Unstable angina and myocardial infarction, which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
Angina (pectoris)
Chest pain
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin causing blood vessels to dial ate
Auscultation
Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using s stethoscope
Beta-blocker
Drug used to treat angina
Biventricular pacemaker
Device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
Bruit
Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
Calcium channel blocker
Drug used to treat angina and hypertension; dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
Cardiac arrest
Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action
Cardiac tamponade
Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
Claudication
Pain, tension and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest
Digoxin
Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
Embolus
Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
Infarction
Area of dead tissue
Nitrates
Drugs used to treat angina
Nitroglycerin
Relieves angina
Occlusion
Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage
Palpitations
Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias (PVCs)
Patent
Open
Pericardial friction rub
Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart
Petechiae
Small, pinpoint hemorrhages
Statins
Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
Thrill
Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow
Vegetations
Clump of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells in diseased heart valves
