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stuart britain > chapter sixteen > Flashcards

chapter sixteen Flashcards

1
Q

Lambert removed the nominated assembly and established the protectorate which was inguarated

A

through his instrument of government

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2
Q

the instrument of government was Britains first

A

written constitution
and last xxx

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3
Q

Lambert hoped through the IoG to make the relationship between

A

head os state (cromwell) and the council of state (Cromwells advisors) and parliament clearer

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4
Q

Lambert organised and carried out a successful

A

military coup

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5
Q

lamberts military coup was the context for Cromwells

A

establishment as protector

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6
Q

the protector role was constructed deliberately because of Lamberts fears of

A

the potential unrestricted nature of parliamentary power

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7
Q

parliament and protector were to be balance by a powerful

A

council of state

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8
Q

lambert through the IoG dealt with the political reality that there would have to be

A

minority rule and that the army had to become apart of government and legislature through the council

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9
Q

the IoG and the protectorate gave power

A

to Cromwell

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10
Q

while the coup to remove the nominated assembly and establish the IoG were done by Lambert it was accepted by

A

Cromwell as a means of bringing settlement to the nation

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11
Q

Cromwell had two key aims as lord protector

A
  • “healing and settling” the nation , forming a stable form of gov
  • religious and social reformation , establishing godly rule , society dominated by puritan ideas
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12
Q

in the months up to the first protectorate parliament who ran the state ?

A

cromwelll , Lambert and a small group of councillors

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13
Q

this group were most active in producing

A

the protectorate ordinances

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14
Q

by the terms of the IoG Cromwell and the council of state could legislate

A

by ordinances between parliament sittings

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15
Q

between 24 December 1653 and 2 September 1654 Cromwell and the council

A

brought in 83 ordinances

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16
Q

most of the 83 ordinances dealt with

A

finance
making the tax collecting system more efficient

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17
Q

both the protectorate and parliament had limits on their powers , but Cromwell was

A

the most dominant force in governance

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18
Q

during the first protectorate parliament republicans attacked Cromwells position seeing him as

A

an alternative monarch and believing that parliament should be the sole authority

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19
Q

parliament republicans opposition was problematic because Cromwell did not want to manage parliament because

A

he hoped that parliament would lead the nation to settlement

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20
Q

republicans were concerned with

A
  • Cromwells authority to enact ordinances w/out p
  • control of the army giving to C
  • NEED to reduce armed forces
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21
Q

Cromwells response was to state what he regarded as the fundamentals of government

A
  • g by a single person and p
  • religious tolerance or freedom
  • militia controlled by C , P and council of state
  • no perpetuation of parliaments by ensuring regular elections
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22
Q

the opposition of hardened civilian republicans led Cromwell and the council of state to introduce

A

the recognition

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23
Q

the recognition required

A

MPs to take an oath recognising the first of the fundamentals , that the governancne was by a single person and parliament

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24
Q

how many MPs refused to pledge to the recognition and thus removed from parliament

A

100

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25
Q

Cromwell wanted the agreement of parliament , the problem was that

A

the political nation would not support Cromwells other aim of a godly reformation

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26
Q

Cromwells aims can be seen as contradictory , his aim of a godly reformation alienated pn but

A

reinforced his reliance on the army which in turn hampered his search for settlement with the political nation

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27
Q

biddles case 1654

A

Biddle denied the trinity and divinity of Christ , accused of blasphemy , MPs decided he should be imprisoned
through this parliament was reinforcing its right to control religion
biddles case and MPs attacks on IoG and parliaments failure to fund the army = Cromwell decided to dissolve protectorate 22 jan 1655

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28
Q

the introduction of major generals was a result of

A

Cromwells and lamberts overreaction to the failure of the first protectorate parliament , the western design and the renewed royalist threat

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29
Q

Cromwell made clear that his frustration was now heightened by

A

rumours of royalist plotting

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30
Q

four reasons can be isolated in the decision to resort the rule of the major generals

A
  • religious transformation , MG used to enforce godly reformation
  • failure of western design , needed reformation used MG to enforce
  • finance , decimation tax introduced with MG to reduce cost of army by shifting border to ex royalists
  • royalism , Penndocks rising in march 1655 indicated continuing threat of royalism
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31
Q

to establish the rule of major generals Lambert split England into 11 areas with

A

11 major generals assigned to each
major generals were selected as leading officers in NMA

32
Q

Lambert was prominent in the introduction of both the original IoG and addition of MG’s of

A

August and October 1655
and june 1656

33
Q

the instructions Lambert held write to the MG’s showed the concern to

A

prevent further rebellion

34
Q

the first instruction stated that they were to

A

“endeavour the surpassing of all insurrections rebellions or other unlawful assemblies”

35
Q

later instructions indicate the role of the major generals in promoting

A

reformation by suppressing gaming houses , taverns and brothels

36
Q

in the subsequent parliamentary debates surrounding the major generals lamberts support and military thinking was a clear way of

A

self preservation against the royalists

37
Q

what the major generals actually did depended on the attitude of the major general ie

A
  • Edward Whalley made huge efforts in his area to improve the bottom of society
  • John berry focused on the idea of further reformation
38
Q

the major generals main focus was the security of the regime but some through personal inclination sought to

A

enforce godliness in their areas by trying to shut down alehouses brothels or gambling

39
Q

the PN was concerned about

A

the role of the military in the state exemplified by the IoG and personalities of men ie Cromwell and Lambert

40
Q

the major generals also posed a threat to the PN’s control of

A

localities

41
Q

while local governors were not purged and replaced the gentry still felt

A

threaten by the greater role the lesser gentry , soldiers and merchants played as a result of the revolution

42
Q

in the provinces , gentry concerns seemed to be confirmed when many of the major generals removed

A

conservative men from local gov so that their rule could be more effective

43
Q

there was concern that the high levels of taxation raised to

A

support the army was going to be a permanent measure

44
Q

concerns at high taxation levels was also an issue for protectorate MPs and the failure to achieve a parliamentary financial settlement became a central problem in the years

A

1656-9 and continued to be so after the ‘ rule’ of major generals

45
Q

the decimation tax under the major generals hundred the acceptance of

A

the regime by the defeated royalists

46
Q

although those subjected to the decimation tax were a relatively small number (under 2000)

A

the process if examining their records did little for reconciliation

47
Q

the decimation tax also failed financially in its main task to raise

A

enough money to allow the regime to reduce the army and transfer military security to a militia

48
Q

the new model arm was invariably linked with religious radicalism in that many radicals

A

had been or was soldiers
army also prevented the persecution of radicals

49
Q

the threat of religious radicals raised fears among the

A

conservative PN of a broader breakdown of order

50
Q

the apparent explosion of quaker numbers in the

A

1650’s further heightened this fear

51
Q

the most important reaction to the rule of major generals was Cromwells , Cromwell shifted positions again to

A

” healing and settling “ the nation having never lost his desire for securing a parliamentary settlement

52
Q

as a result he called the second protectorate parliament in

A

1656

53
Q

near the beginning of the 2nd protectorate an attempt was made to enforce the decimation tax legally through the milita bill , this bill

A

would make tax permanent which would strengthen the position of the major generals

54
Q

however most MPs reacted negatively to

A

the militia bill

55
Q

the milita bill debates were part of a power struggle at the heart of the protectorate between

A

the military and the civilians

56
Q

the MPs unease led Cromwell to

A

abandon the generals

57
Q

Cromwell foresaw that the decimation tax as an extra parliamentary tax on royalists to help fund the gerbils would not

A

lead to long term stability

58
Q

through his opposition to the tax and militia bill Cromwell showed that he was

A

willing to sacrifice the gerbils and Lambert to get a conservative parliamentary based settlement

59
Q

the defeat of the milita bill meant the end of the

A

decimation tax and the generals

60
Q

given the scope of tasks assigned to gerbils and the very real limits of central and local government it is no wonder that

A

the major generals failed to transform society

61
Q

in the debated on the decimation and militia bill Cromwell was positioning himself to accept a

A

revising of the IoG through the adoption of the humble petition

62
Q

the humble petition was a new constitution designed to

A

” heal and settle “ the nation by establishing a new more traditional government with Cromwell as its head , thereby move to reconcile the PN to the regime

63
Q

the centrepiece of the civilian cromwellians’ proposed constitutional changes was the offer of the crown to Cromwell through

A

the humble petition and advice

64
Q

the fact that Cromwell was even willing to consider kingship was part of his reaction agsint

A

major generals

65
Q

Cromwell saw the advantages of kingship

A
  • more recognised form of gov for gentry
  • could establish a line of succession
  • could achieve settlement with parliament
66
Q

Cromwell also saw the disadvantages of kingship

A
  • cromwell=usurper provoke vigorous opposition from royalists
  • opposition from republicans
  • opposition from some NMA
  • opposition from leading military cromwellians’
67
Q

the most significant opposition to kingship came from the

A

NMA

68
Q

the NMA were against the idea of kingship not only because the chief political power would lie solely with the monarch but also for

A

religious reasons

69
Q

the NMA opposition therefore was not just a political threat to Cromwell but also a reminder of

A

their perspective of the ‘ saints ‘ he respected .

70
Q

Cromwell deliberated and decided not to accept kingship however he

A

alienated Lambert while making a decision because in considering the humble petitions Cromwell was contemplating a new system of gov
- Lambert resigned

71
Q

there was several reasons behind Cromwells rejection

A
  • army opposed idea of kingship and had the potential to remove him
  • army opposition to Cromwell signified that god had judged agsint kingship
72
Q

Cromwell accepted the humble petitions on the

A

25th May 1657

73
Q

what changes were made for Cromwell to accept it ?

A

removed kingship and Cromwell would be able to choose the next protector

74
Q

the humble petition did not bring about

A

fundamental change to the nature of the protectorate

75
Q

republicans had naturally opposed the plan to make Cromwell king even through Cromwell refused to accept the crown , republicans felt that the

A

acceptance of the rest of the humble petition meant Cromwell affirmed as ‘ king in all but name ‘ even from the start of the protectorate

76
Q

Oliver Cromwell well died on the

A

3rd September 1658

77
Q

Cromwell nominated his son

A

Richard Cromwell as the next protector

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