chapter sixteen Flashcards by millie s

Lambert removed the nominated assembly and established the protectorate which was inguarated

through his instrument of government

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the instrument of government was Britains first

written constitution
and last xxx

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Lambert hoped through the IoG to make the relationship between

head os state (cromwell) and the council of state (Cromwells advisors) and parliament clearer

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Lambert organised and carried out a successful

military coup

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lamberts military coup was the context for Cromwells

establishment as protector

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the protector role was constructed deliberately because of Lamberts fears of

the potential unrestricted nature of parliamentary power

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parliament and protector were to be balance by a powerful

council of state

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lambert through the IoG dealt with the political reality that there would have to be

minority rule and that the army had to become apart of government and legislature through the council

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the IoG and the protectorate gave power

to Cromwell

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while the coup to remove the nominated assembly and establish the IoG were done by Lambert it was accepted by

Cromwell as a means of bringing settlement to the nation

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Cromwell had two key aims as lord protector

“healing and settling” the nation , forming a stable form of gov
religious and social reformation , establishing godly rule , society dominated by puritan ideas

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in the months up to the first protectorate parliament who ran the state ?

cromwelll , Lambert and a small group of councillors

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this group were most active in producing

the protectorate ordinances

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by the terms of the IoG Cromwell and the council of state could legislate

by ordinances between parliament sittings

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between 24 December 1653 and 2 September 1654 Cromwell and the council

brought in 83 ordinances

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most of the 83 ordinances dealt with

finance
making the tax collecting system more efficient

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both the protectorate and parliament had limits on their powers , but Cromwell was

the most dominant force in governance

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during the first protectorate parliament republicans attacked Cromwells position seeing him as

an alternative monarch and believing that parliament should be the sole authority

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parliament republicans opposition was problematic because Cromwell did not want to manage parliament because

he hoped that parliament would lead the nation to settlement

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republicans were concerned with

Cromwells authority to enact ordinances w/out p
control of the army giving to C
NEED to reduce armed forces

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Cromwells response was to state what he regarded as the fundamentals of government

g by a single person and p
religious tolerance or freedom
militia controlled by C , P and council of state
no perpetuation of parliaments by ensuring regular elections

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the opposition of hardened civilian republicans led Cromwell and the council of state to introduce

the recognition

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the recognition required

MPs to take an oath recognising the first of the fundamentals , that the governancne was by a single person and parliament

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how many MPs refused to pledge to the recognition and thus removed from parliament

100

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Cromwell wanted the agreement of parliament , the problem was that

the political nation would not support Cromwells other aim of a godly reformation

Cromwells aims can be seen as contradictory , his aim of a godly reformation alienated pn but

reinforced his reliance on the army which in turn hampered his search for settlement with the political nation

biddles case 1654

Biddle denied the trinity and divinity of Christ , accused of blasphemy , MPs decided he should be imprisoned through this parliament was reinforcing its right to control religion biddles case and MPs attacks on IoG and parliaments failure to fund the army = Cromwell decided to dissolve protectorate 22 jan 1655

the introduction of major generals was a result of

Cromwells and lamberts overreaction to the failure of the first protectorate parliament , the western design and the renewed royalist threat

Cromwell made clear that his frustration was now heightened by

rumours of royalist plotting

four reasons can be isolated in the decision to resort the rule of the major generals

- religious transformation , MG used to enforce godly reformation - failure of western design , needed reformation used MG to enforce - finance , decimation tax introduced with MG to reduce cost of army by shifting border to ex royalists - royalism , Penndocks rising in march 1655 indicated continuing threat of royalism

to establish the rule of major generals Lambert split England into 11 areas with

11 major generals assigned to each major generals were selected as leading officers in NMA

Lambert was prominent in the introduction of both the original IoG and addition of MG's of

August and October 1655 and june 1656

the instructions Lambert held write to the MG's showed the concern to

prevent further rebellion

the first instruction stated that they were to

"endeavour the surpassing of all insurrections rebellions or other unlawful assemblies"

later instructions indicate the role of the major generals in promoting

reformation by suppressing gaming houses , taverns and brothels

in the subsequent parliamentary debates surrounding the major generals lamberts support and military thinking was a clear way of

self preservation against the royalists

what the major generals actually did depended on the attitude of the major general ie

- Edward Whalley made huge efforts in his area to improve the bottom of society - John berry focused on the idea of further reformation

the major generals main focus was the security of the regime but some through personal inclination sought to

enforce godliness in their areas by trying to shut down alehouses brothels or gambling

the PN was concerned about

the role of the military in the state exemplified by the IoG and personalities of men ie Cromwell and Lambert

the major generals also posed a threat to the PN's control of

localities

while local governors were not purged and replaced the gentry still felt

threaten by the greater role the lesser gentry , soldiers and merchants played as a result of the revolution

in the provinces , gentry concerns seemed to be confirmed when many of the major generals removed

conservative men from local gov so that their rule could be more effective

there was concern that the high levels of taxation raised to

support the army was going to be a permanent measure

concerns at high taxation levels was also an issue for protectorate MPs and the failure to achieve a parliamentary financial settlement became a central problem in the years

1656-9 and continued to be so after the ' rule' of major generals

the decimation tax under the major generals hundred the acceptance of

the regime by the defeated royalists

although those subjected to the decimation tax were a relatively small number (under 2000)

the process if examining their records did little for reconciliation

the decimation tax also failed financially in its main task to raise

enough money to allow the regime to reduce the army and transfer military security to a militia

the new model arm was invariably linked with religious radicalism in that many radicals

had been or was soldiers army also prevented the persecution of radicals

the threat of religious radicals raised fears among the

conservative PN of a broader breakdown of order

the apparent explosion of quaker numbers in the

1650's further heightened this fear

the most important reaction to the rule of major generals was Cromwells , Cromwell shifted positions again to

" healing and settling " the nation having never lost his desire for securing a parliamentary settlement

as a result he called the second protectorate parliament in

1656

near the beginning of the 2nd protectorate an attempt was made to enforce the decimation tax legally through the milita bill , this bill

would make tax permanent which would strengthen the position of the major generals

however most MPs reacted negatively to

the militia bill

the milita bill debates were part of a power struggle at the heart of the protectorate between

the military and the civilians

the MPs unease led Cromwell to

abandon the generals

Cromwell foresaw that the decimation tax as an extra parliamentary tax on royalists to help fund the gerbils would not

lead to long term stability

through his opposition to the tax and militia bill Cromwell showed that he was

willing to sacrifice the gerbils and Lambert to get a conservative parliamentary based settlement

the defeat of the milita bill meant the end of the

decimation tax and the generals

given the scope of tasks assigned to gerbils and the very real limits of central and local government it is no wonder that

the major generals failed to transform society

in the debated on the decimation and militia bill Cromwell was positioning himself to accept a

revising of the IoG through the adoption of the humble petition

the humble petition was a new constitution designed to

" heal and settle " the nation by establishing a new more traditional government with Cromwell as its head , thereby move to reconcile the PN to the regime

the centrepiece of the civilian cromwellians' proposed constitutional changes was the offer of the crown to Cromwell through

the humble petition and advice

the fact that Cromwell was even willing to consider kingship was part of his reaction agsint

major generals

Cromwell saw the advantages of kingship

- more recognised form of gov for gentry - could establish a line of succession - could achieve settlement with parliament

Cromwell also saw the disadvantages of kingship

- cromwell=usurper provoke vigorous opposition from royalists - opposition from republicans - opposition from some NMA - opposition from leading military cromwellians'

the most significant opposition to kingship came from the

NMA

the NMA were against the idea of kingship not only because the chief political power would lie solely with the monarch but also for

religious reasons

the NMA opposition therefore was not just a political threat to Cromwell but also a reminder of

their perspective of the ' saints ' he respected .

Cromwell deliberated and decided not to accept kingship however he

alienated Lambert while making a decision because in considering the humble petitions Cromwell was contemplating a new system of gov - Lambert resigned

there was several reasons behind Cromwells rejection

- army opposed idea of kingship and had the potential to remove him - army opposition to Cromwell signified that god had judged agsint kingship

Cromwell accepted the humble petitions on the

25th May 1657

what changes were made for Cromwell to accept it ?

removed kingship and Cromwell would be able to choose the next protector

the humble petition did not bring about

fundamental change to the nature of the protectorate

republicans had naturally opposed the plan to make Cromwell king even through Cromwell refused to accept the crown , republicans felt that the

acceptance of the rest of the humble petition meant Cromwell affirmed as ' king in all but name ' even from the start of the protectorate

Oliver Cromwell well died on the

3rd September 1658

Cromwell nominated his son

Richard Cromwell as the next protector