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LCK STEP > CHAPTER: Neuro > Flashcards

CHAPTER: Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Where is ACh made - diseases with altered levels

A

Basal nucleus Meyner

↓ - Alz

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2
Q

Where is dopamine made - diseases w/ altered levels

A

Ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra pars compacta
↑ Schizo, Huntington
↓ Park

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3
Q

Where is GABA made - diseases w/ altered levels

A

Nucleus accumbens

↓Anxiety

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4
Q

Where is NE made - diseases w/ altered levels

A

Locus ceruleus
↑ Anxiety
↓ Depression

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5
Q

Where is serotonin made - diseases w/ altered levels

A

Raphe nucleus

↓ Anxiety, depression

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6
Q

Which neural tube defect is unique because it has normal AFP?

A

Spina bifida occulta

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7
Q

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) and fetal alcohol syndrome both present with what forebrain abnormality

A

Holopros (SHH)

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8
Q

Describe the 3 areas that syringomyelia can compress aka presentation

A 
1. Ant white comm - bilat pain + temp
Keep fine touch
2. Ant horn invasion - LE muscle atrophy + ↓reflexes 
3. Lat hypothalamospinal tract = Horners
Associated with Chiari 1
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9
Q

Sensory innervation of the 3 parts of the tongue

A 
Ant 2/3 
1. CN 5(1) via chorda tympani = sensation
2. CN 7 = taste
Post 1/3 = CN 9
All way back = CN 10
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10
Q

Motor innervation of the tongue

A

CN 10 = back to raise the tongue (say ah)

CN 12 = all other muscles (wiggle tongue s2s)

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11
Q

Fxns astrocytes + stain

A 
BBB + reactive gliosis to injury
Remove excess NT
K metab 
Glycogen fuel reserve - so brain can use glucose as long as it can 
GFAP + // neuroectoderm
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12
Q

Appearance of HIV infected microglia

A

Multinucleated giant cells in CNS

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13
Q

What is space vs time constants

A 
Space = length = ↓LC means lose more charge as you go down axon
Time = ↓TC = ↑conduction (demyelin ↑TC)
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14
Q

Histo of oligodendrocytes

A

Fried egg

Perinuclear halos

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15
Q

What 2 nerves serve as pain + temp @ skin

A
  1. C = slow, unmyelin (dull, lasting pain)

2. A delta = fast, myelin

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16
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles - signals they transmit

A

Hairless skin
Fine touch + position sense
Large, myelinated

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17
Q

Where are Pacinican corpuscles - signals they transmit

A

Large myelin - vibration + P

Joints, deep skin

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18
Q

Where are Merkel discs - what signals do they transmit

A

Superficial skin, fingers

Large myelin - P, deep touch, position

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19
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles - what signals do they transmit

A

Fingers + joints
Dendritic endings that adapt slowly
Slipping of objects (holding something)
Joint angle change

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20
Q

What part of the nerve does inflam GB attack

A

Endoneurium - surrounds 1 individual nerve fiber
Vs peri = fasicle
Vs epi = entire nerve

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21
Q

How does an infarct change the BBB

A

X endothelial tight junctions = layer that faces blood

Vasogenic edema

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22
Q

Which hypothalamic nuc makes ADH vs oxytocin

A

ADH from supraoptic nuc

Oxytocin from paravent nuc

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23
Q

What happens if you damage the lateral or VM hypothalamic nuc

A

Lat ↑s hunger - damage = shrink laterally
Lose hypocretin neurons in lat hypothal -> narcolepsy
VM ↑satiety - damage = grow ventrally + medally
Think how grehlin (hunger) and leptin (satiety from fat) affects these two areas at baseline

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24
Q

Fxns of ant vs post hypothalamus

A

Ant: cool + para (A/C please!)

Post = heat + sympa

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25
Pathway to releasing melatonin vs serotonin - what does each do for the sleep cycle?
``` Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothal) -> NE Binds pineal gland -> melatonin (drowsiness) Vs dorsal raphe -> serotonin (initiating sleep) ```
26
6 stages of the sleep cycle and impt events in each
1. Awake + eyes open = beta = ↑freq, ↓amp 2. Awake + eyes closed = alpha 3. Light sleep = theta 4. Sleep spindles (short jagged bursts) + K complexes 5. Delta = ↑amp, ↓freq - sleep walking, night tremors, bed wetting 6. REM = beta = ↑ACh = paradoxical sleep = no motor tone, ↑brain O2 use, dreaming/nightmares, memory processing, sex
27
What area of the brain controls the conjugate gaze during REM?
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
28
Which thalamic nucleus sends input to the motor cortex?
VL | Vs VPL + VML -> somatosensory
29
Famous 5 fxns of the limbic system
``` Mam bodies + fornix + hippo + amyg + hypothalamus + cingulate gyrus Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Fucking = sex ```
30
Fxn of the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways - what disease are the pathways symptomatic for?
``` SCHIZO - dopamine pathways Mesocortical = ↓activity = neg symptoms VTA -> prefrontal cortex Mesolimbic = ↑activity = positive symp Better pharm target: VTA -> nuc accumb ```
31
3 nuclei of the cerebellum
Dentate Interposed = globose + emboliform Fastigial
32
Lesion of the lateral cerebullem causes what
Fall towards injured side = ipsi
33
Describe the excitatory vs inhibitory pathway in basal ganglia to ↑motion
1. Excite = D1 = ↑motion 2. Inhibitory = D2 binds to inhibit the inhibitory path Net ↑motion
34
Aphasia with damage to articulate fasiculus (connector)
Conduction aphasia "1, 2, 3, boy, 6, dog, 8, 12, peanut" But pt knows this is wrong - often get fustrated
35
What happens if you areas around Broca + Wernicke are damage but these sites are spared (3 types of aphasia)
1. Transcortical motor = spare Broca which closer to motor cortex = nonfluent 2. Transcortical sensory = spare W which closer to sensory cortex = impaired comprehension 3. Mixed = nonfluent + impaired comp
36
Disease + presentation of amygdala damage
HSV 1 encephalitis Disinhibition: food, sex, big mouth Amygdala normally uses fear to control impulses
37
What area of the brain is damaged + presentation of Wernicke Korsakoff
``` Bilat mamm bodies 1. Confusion // memory loss 2. Ataxia 3. Horizontal nystagmus B1 def - alcoholics ```
38
Cause of a Charcot Bouchard microaneurysm + the hem it causes if rupture
Chronic HTN -> intracerebral hemm
39
Describe what symptoms a large aneurysm of the ant + post comm arteries could cause (if don't rupture to cause subarach hemm)
Ant comm - bitemporal hemianopia | Post comm - ipsi CN 3 palsy (down + out, blown pup)
40
What is central post stroke pain syndrome?
If injury thalamus in stroke - ↑pain sensation on the CL side from stroke (same a how the sensory would change)
41
Complication of untreated subarach hemm
Hydrocephalus
42
What are the 4 areas of brain most vulnerable to hypoxic injury
``` Hypoxic signs 5 mins post-stroke #1 = hippocampus Cortex Cerebellum Watershed ```
43
Describe the type of infarct you'd see in a thrombotic vs embolic stroke?
``` Thrombotic = pale infarct @ peripheral cortex Embolic = hemm infarct " " ```
44
Walk through ventricular system
``` Lat vent Monro 3rd Aqueduct 4th Central canal - lateral Luschka - medial Magendie ```
45
Main complication of normal pressure hydrocephalus that ↓fxn micturition centers
Stretching corona radiata causes: "Wet, whacky, wobbly" Reversible cause of dementia
46
Does a slipped disc affect the nerve root above or below it?
BELOW
47
Spinal cord lesion presenting with: 1. Floppy baby (hypotonia) + tongue fasiculations 2. Only LMN signs
Degen ant horn (where UMN synpases onto LMN) 1. Werdnig Hoffman disease = AR, symmetric weakness 2. Polio = asymmetric weakness
48
Spinal cord lesion presenting with: combo U+LMN w/o sensory or bladder/bowel defects UMN: spastic + hyperreflexia LMN: muscle weak, atrophy, fasiculations
ALS Lose 1. ant horn (LMN) + 2. lateral corticospinal (UMN coming down) Defective SOD Treat: riluzole
49
Symptoms if you completely occlude the ant spinal artery
Lose all white matter before horns and all horns X pain, temp // weakness Intact sensory b/c dorsal columns spased Most susceptible above T8 b/c no collat BF
50
Spinal cord lesion presenting with: X vibration or position sense -> poor coordination -> ataxia No DTRs, + Romberg
Tabes dorsalis Could have present this if gives pen G for syph early + Charcot joints, prostitute pupils
51
Neuro presentation of B12 def
``` Subacute combined degen Demyelin: 1. Spinocerebellar - ataxia 2. Corticospinal - parasthesia 3. Dorsal columns - X position, vibration ```
52
What is Parinaud syndrome
Lesion in superior colliculus (brain stem) - stroke, hydrocephalus, pinealoma Eyes can't to veritcal gaze together
53
Name the 2 auditory centers in the brain
MGN + inf colliculi
54
Primitive reflexes may return with a lesion to what part of the brain? Name the reflexes
Frontal lobe lesion Moro, rooting, sucking, palmar, plantar Galant - face down, stroke spike, LE go to that side
55
Describe all the actions of trigeminal CN 5
Each branch covers part of FACE SENSATION V1 - opthalmic V2 - maxillary - sensory ant 2/3 tongue, muscle of mastication V3 - mandibular - tensor tympani to dampen sound, muscle mastication, muscles floor mouth
56
All actions of CN 7 facial
Motor to muscles facial expression Taste ant 2/3 (vs CN 5, 2 sensory from same area) Lacrimation Salivation - submand + subling (parotid CN 9) Close eye lid Change volume via stapedius Ipsi Bell's palsy if injured
57
What are the fxns of the 3 vagal nuclei: 1. Nucleus solitarius 2. Nucleus ambiguus 3. Dorsal motor nucleus
1. Sensory from int organs - taste, gut distention (CN7, 9, 10) 2. Motor innervation for swallowing + palate (CN 9-11) 3. Parasympa to heart, lungs, GI
58
``` Ipsi or contra for lesion to : CN 5 CN 10 CN 11 CN 12 ```
``` POINTS TO: 5 - jaw ipsi 10 - uvula contra 11 - shoulder droop on ipsi 12 - tongue ipsi ```
59
What is the presentation if you damage an UMN vs LMN of the facial nerve
UMN - CL lower muscles facial express paralyzed, forehead spared Damage is between the motor cortex -> facial nucleus in pons LMN - ipsi Bell's palsy: lose all muscle facial express, things sound loud, lose taste on ant half of tongue on that side
60
Which CNs run in the cavernous sinus? Which runs with the internal carotid art? Which is most likely to get injured if cavernous sinus syndrome?
3, 4, 5 (1), 6 - sometimes 5 (2) 5 (1) runs with ICA branch 4 at ↑est injury risk Cavernous sinus syndrome: opthamopledia, ↓corneal sensation (no V1 afferent of reflex arch)
61
Describe noise induced hearing loss
Damage hair cells in organ of Corti Lose high freq hearing 1st Vs 1 time very loud noise (bomb) - tympanic membrane rupture
62
Describe R + W test findings for conductive vs SN hearing loss
SN: normal R (duh), W on forehead localizes to normal ear C: abnormal R, W to the affected ear - all the tests go to the bad ear!!!

LCK STEP (27 decks)

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