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Biology IGCSE > Chapter #9 - Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chapter #9 - Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the circulatory system?

A
  • A system of blood vessels that carry blood.
  • A heart which pumps blood.
  • Valves that ensure flow in one direction.
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2
Q

How does blood travel throgh the circulatory system?

A

Body => R Heart => Lungs => L Heart => Body

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3
Q

Where does oxygenated blood come from?

A

It comes from the lungs and goes into the left side of the heart and than to the body.

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4
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood come from?

A

It comes from the body and needs to be oxygenated again. It goes into the left side of the heart and is pumped into the lungs.

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5
Q

What are the properties of the double circulatory system?

A
  • Blood passes through the heart 2x in one complete circuit of the body.
  • Found in all mammals.
  • Made of two parts
    1. Pulmonary system
    2. Systemic system
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6
Q

What are the two parts of the double circulatory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary System: Vessels that take blood to lungs and back (from the heart).
  2. Systemic Sustem: - vessels that take blood from the rest of the body and back (from the heart).
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7
Q

What are the properties of the singular circulatory system?

A
  • Blood passes through the heart only once in one complete circuit of the body.
  • Fish have this system.
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8
Q

What happens once the blood leaves the heart?

A

It starts to lose preassure. As the blood loses preassure in the lungs, it goes back to the heart to be pumped again so that the preassure increases once more so that the blood can reach the whole body.

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9
Q

What are the benefits of double circulation?

A

It increases the preassure of the blood which:
* Is more efficient for getting energy for cells quickly for rspiration,

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10
Q
Name all the parts to this heart
A
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11
Q

What are the heart chambers?

A
  • 2 upper - atria where blood flows in.
  • 2 lower - ventricles which pump blood out
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12
Q

What is the defenition of the septum?

A

A structure by which the left and right side of the heart are divided.

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13
Q

What are the two upper heart chambers called?

A
  • The left atrium
  • The right atrium
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14
Q

How does the left side of the heart recieve blood?

A
  • The left atrium (relaxed) recieves oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein which comes from the lungs
  • Then, blood passes down into the ventricles as the atrium conracts.
  • Strong muscles in the walls of ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart.
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15
Q

How does the right side of the heart recieve blood?

A
  • The right side of the atrium recieve deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body through the venae cavae.
  • Then, blood passes down into the ventricles.
  • Strong muscles in the walls of ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart.
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16
Q

How does blood leave the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the right venricle to the lungs.

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17
Q

How does blood leave the left side of the heart?

A

Aoorta: Largest artery in the body. Recieves oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and pumps it to the rest of the body.

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18
Q

What percent of cells in the human body are red cells?

A

Aproximately 84% (20 - 30 trillion blood cells)

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19
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

To deliver oxygen to every tissue in the body.

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20
Q

How long does a
the circulation of a red blood cell take?

A

About 1 minute

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21
Q

What shape do red blood cells have?

A

a biconcave shape (have a dip).

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22
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

A

They live up to120 days, than they get recycled.

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23
Q

What valeves are in the heart?

A
  1. Atroventricular valves
  2. Semi-lunar valves
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24
Q

How do valves work?

A

They have ligaments which pull them open and closed.

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25
Q

What are atroventricular valves?

A

The valves between the atrium and ventricle in the heart. They allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricle but not the other way.

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26
Q

What are semi-lunar valves?

A

They are close to the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary artery. They prevent backflow of blood from the arteries back into the ventricles.

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27
Q

What do valves do?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood.

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28
Q

How does the thickness vary in the chambers of the heart?

A

The ventricles have much thicker, more muscular walls becausethe ventricles have to pump blood out of the heart.
The left ventricle is also bigger, thivker and has a higher preassure because:
* right side pumps to lungs (closer)
* Left side pumps to rest of body (more space)

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29
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Vessels that supply blood to the heart muscles.

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30
Q

Where are coronary arteries located?

A

On the outside of the heart (surface)

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31
Q

Why does the heart need coronary arteries?

A

To have a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to continue pumping blood.

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32
Q

What can happen to coronary arteries?

A

They can be blocked by cholesterol.

33
Q

What are the steps to coronary arteries being blocked?

A
  1. Normal coronary artery
  2. Cholesteral deposits make the lumen of the artery narrower. This increase blood preassure and also makes the wall of artery much stiffer.
  3. Blood clots can form and block lumen even more.
34
Q

What is it called when the coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

35
Q

What happens when you have CHD?

A
  • The cardiac (heart) muscle cannot get any oxygen or nutriens.
  • Muscles cannot contract and the heart stops beating.
36
Q

How do you prevent CHD?

A
  • Not smoking
  • Regular excercise
  • Healthy diet
  • Saturated fats are linked with high cholesterol.
  • Meat has more saturated fats than plants, so consider using plant oil instead of animal fats when cooking (fast food often uses animal fats).
37
Q

What does one heartbeat consist of?

A

One “lub-dub”

38
Q

What is the average bpm of hearts in humans?

A

60-75 bpm (resting heartbeat)

39
Q

What are the two parts of the heart beat signifying?

A

the valves opening and closing.

40
Q

Where can you hear you heart?

A

On your chest

41
Q

What is the defenition of pulse?

A

The expansion and relaxation of an aretery caused by th heart pushing blood through it.

42
Q

What is pulse rate?

A

The rate of your heart

43
Q

What is the best way to measure your pulse?

A

On arteries close to your skin.

44
Q

How is the heart measured in hospitals?

A

Using an electrocardiogram (ECG)

45
Q

What is the defenition of ECG (electrocardiogram)?

A

A graph showing the electrical activity of a heart plotted over time.
Y axsis = electrical activity
X asis= time

46
Q

How does the heart work?

A

Muscles conract, the heart becomes smaller, squeezing blood out.
Heart muscles relaxe, heart becomes bigger, allowing the blood to flow in.

47
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
48
Q

In what order does blood travel through the blood vessels?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Artery
  3. Capillary network
  4. Vein
  5. Heart
49
Q

Draw a labled diagram of an artery.

A
50
Q

Draw a labled diagram of a capillary.

A
51
Q

Draw a diagram of a vein.

A
52
Q

What blood preassure do arteries carry, how was is it carried and what features help it with this preassure?

A

Arteries carry high-preassure blood which was forced out of the heart due to the contraction of ventricle muscles. They have strog walls to withstand high preassure.

53
Q

How does blood move through arteries?

A

The blood pulses through contractions = high preassure and relaxations = reduce preassure, therefor, they have elastic tissue in there walls. (streach and recoil)

54
Q

What is a capillary?

A

Tiny vessels, small enough to reach any part of the body.

55
Q

What is the function of the capillaries and what features help it achieve this?

A

Function: to deliver oxygen and nutrients and take away waste products
Features:
* Walls are only one cell thick so substances can be passed easily
* Every cell in you body is close to a capillary
* Small enough to reach any part of the body

56
Q

What blood preassure do veins carry, how was is it carried and what features help it manage this preassure?

A

Veins carry blood at low preassure. Because of this, the lumen is much bigger to help the blood flow more smoothley and a bit fater. They have valves to stop blood from flowing backwards. (valves are not needed in arteries because a high preassure keeps the blood moving).

57
Q

How do organs recieve blood?

A

Each organ recieve oxygenated blood (except lungs) from an artery and has deoxygenated taken away by a vein.

58
Q

How are arteries and veins named?

A

According to the organ they are carrying/taking blood away/to.

59
Q

What is the name of the artery and vein that take/deliver bloof to the kidney?

A

Artery = Renal artery
Vein = Renal vein

60
Q

What are the two blood vessels that supply the liver with blood?

A

The hepatic artery (from heart) and the hepatic portal vein (from digestive systm) <= A portal form digestive system to liver.

61
Q

What blood vessel(s) leaves the liver?

A

The hepatic vein (the only one)

62
Q

What is the defenition of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Brings blood from the digestive system for the liver to process absorbed food.

63
Q

What are the feutures that help red blood cells achive their functions?

A
  • They have no nuclei, making them more efficient at carrying oxygen.
  • Have a large surface area to volume ratio (good for oxygen diffusing in and out).
  • Small size, able to squeeze through tiny capillaries and reach the whole body.
64
Q

What makes red blood cell red?

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Red pigment that red bloof cells contain.
  • A protein that contains iron (Fe)
  • The iron compines with oxygen in lungs where there is a high concentration of oxygen.
65
Q

What is the defenition of oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin combined with oxygen . It releases oxygem when levels are low.

66
Q

Where are platelets made?

A

Made in the red bone marrow.

67
Q

What is the function of platelesta?

A
  • They are involved in blood clotting
  • Clotting prevents blood loss and stops pathogens getting in through breaks in skin.
68
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

It’s a soluble protein in blood plasma.

69
Q

How does the process of scabs being created work?

A
  1. Blood vessel breaks.
  2. Platelets gather around the broken blood vessel.
  3. Platelest release a substance thst makes the fibrinogen change into insoluble fibrin.
  4. Fibrin is sticky and forms fibres that pile up on top of eachothee and forms mesh and seal wound.
  5. Clumps of platelets and red blood cells all come together to from a blood clot.
  6. A scab is formed to protect body from pathogens and to help blood vessel and skin heal.
70
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells with no nucleus.

71
Q

What is most blood made of?

A

Plasma

72
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Mostly water and has many substances dissolved in it (e.g. glucose, amino acids, mineral ions)

73
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A
  • Transport hormones like adrenaline
  • Transport waste products like carbon dioxide and urea
74
Q
Label the diagram of the major veins and arteries .
A
75
Q

Explain the staps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. A phogocyte moves toward a (group) of pathogen(s) and flows around it/them.
  2. The phogocyte’s cell membranes fuse together, enclosing the pathogen in a vacuole.
  3. Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and digest the pathogen.
  4. Soluble substances diffuse from the vacuole into the phagocytes vacuole.
76
Q

Draw a diagram of a lymphocyte and explain how it works?

A
Create pathogens that are released and latch onto pathogens and destroy them.
77
Q

What process to phagocytes use to destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

78
Q

What is the defenition of lymphocytes?

A

Produce antibodies which fix onto pathogens and destroy them. they usually have large round nucleus that fills the cell.

79
Q

What is the defenition of phagocytes?

A

Destroy pathogens by engulfing them and digesting them.

Biology IGCSE (16 decks)

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