Chapter #6 - Plant Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the defenition of photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants synthesise carbohydrate from raw materials using energy from light.

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2
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A
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3
Q

What is the role of clorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

To capture energy from sunlight and transfer it to water molecules and crabon dioxide molecules.

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4
Q

What is the role of energy (that has been photosynthesised) in a plant

A

Energy makes substances react, producing glucose.

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5
Q

What happens to the oxygen produced with photosynthesis?

A

It is released into the atmosphere (or water if the plant is aquatic) and other animals use it for repiration and to breathe.

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6
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A
  • To provide energy for active transport ( to move ions and mineral ions through root hair cells).
  • To create amino acids which can be used to create proteins. proteins contain C, H, O and N
  • To make sucrose for transport (glucose links together => transports to other parts of plant => breaks back down to be used)
  • Storing as starch to use later
  • Makimg cellulose to build cell walls when new cells are made (linked glucose makes cellulose).
  • To make nectar to attract pollinators. Pollinators help plants reproduce.
  • To make other substances like clorophyll which contains nitrogen and magnesium which are taken from the roots through active trasfer.
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7
Q

What is the way to think of leaves?

A

Leaves: Factories for making carbohydrates

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

In the palsisade mesophyll, in the chloroplasts.

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9
Q

Where is the general area photosynthesis happens?

A

The leaves

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10
Q

How is a leaf attached to the stem

A

Broad flat part of the leaf is joined by the leaf stalk which is attached to the stem.

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11
Q

What is inside the of the leaf stalk?

A

Collections of parallel tubes called vascular bundles which carry substances to and from leaf. Some transport water, others transport different nutrients.

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12
Q

How is clorophyll arranged?

A

Clorophyll is spread out along the cell membranes so that more sunlight can reach it.

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13
Q

What is the general shape of leaves?

A

Leaves are thin with a large surface area to help collect sunlight.

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14
Q

What happens when you increase the surface area of a leaf?

in terms of CO2

A

The larger the surface area, the higer the rate that CO2 can diffuse into the leaf.

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15
Q

What does the thiness of a leaf help it with?

A

Helps the sunlight pass right through it and helps CO2 diffuse quickly through cells.

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16
Q

How is water brought to the leaf?

A

It is brought through tubes called xylem vessels. These are part of the vacular bundles and veins that you can see in leaves.

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17
Q

What is the method for testing a leaf for starch?

A
  1. Boil water in a beaker using a hot plate. When water is boiling turn off hot plate.
  2. Put some alcohol (ethanol) into a test tube and stand in boiling water
  3. Place a variegated (green and white) ficus pumlia leaf and drop it in the boiling water for 30 seconds (this breaks down the cell membrane.
  4. Remove the softened leaf from water and place in etanol.
  5. Levae the leaf for 5 min, until all chlorophyll has come out (chlorophyll is soluble in ethanol so it will go out of leaf).
  6. carfully remove brittle leaf from ethanol and dip in water until it is soft.
  7. Spread leaf out on a petri dish
  8. Add eight drops of iodine to cover the leaf and identify areas that contain starch.
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18
Q

What is the overall conclusion of testing for starch.

A

That leaves contain starch in the drak green part of them which is where most of the chloroplasts are which means chloroplasts contain starch preserves.

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19
Q

Draw a diagram of a chloroplast.

A
Big circles: Starch grains Scribbles: Stack of membranes containing chlorophyll. Bule line: membranes around chloroplast
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20
Q

How do chloroplasts get best quality sunlight

A

By moving around the palisade mesophyll.

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21
Q

Why are the membranes with chloropyll in stacks?

A

To increase surface area and have more of them.

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22
Q

Where do leaves typically have more chlorplats?

A

On the side of leaves (not in the middel).

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23
Q

Where is starch typically stored?

A

In the chloroplasts of a leaf.

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24
Q

When are the starch reserves in leaves used?

A

When the plant is not getting enough energy.

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25
Q

What are the factors which affect photosynthesis?

A
  • The supply of raw materials (CO2 & H2O).
  • The quantity of sunlight (which proviesd energy for reaction.
  • The temp. (affects activity of enzymes)
  • The quantity of chlorophyll and therefor chloroplats in the leaves.
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26
Q

What is the defenition of destarching?

A

leaving a plant in the dark for long enough to use up its starch stores.

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27
Q

What does losing starch do to the color of the leaf?

A

NOTHING

28
Q

What is the important destarching method?

A
  1. Put a plant in the dark for 4 days to destarch
  2. Cut shapes on black cardstockand stick it on some of the leaves to cover up part of the leave.
  3. Leave plant in the light for 4 days
  4. Use ethanol to remove chlorophyll from leaves with paper.
  5. Use iodine to see where starch is present.
29
Q

What are the results of the destarching expiriment?

A

The parts of the leaf that was not covered with the black paper had starch, the parts that weher not covered in the paper were still destarched.

30
Q

Why do some parts of the leaf contain starch and others don’t in the destarching experiment?

A

Because, the parts of the leaf covered in paper, still have not gotten any light, and therefor are still destarched because they have gotten no chance to do photosynthesis.

31
Q

What is the name of the chemical that changes color according to how much carbon dioxide there is?

A

Hydrogen carbonate indicator.

32
Q

What are the colors of hydrogencrabonate indicator?

A

Purple: There is no CO2
Red: Little CO2 (ordinary air)
Yellow: Lots of CO2

33
Q

What are the results with the hydrogencarbonate expiremint with a leaf in the test tube?

A

Purple

34
Q

What are the results with the hydrogencarbonate expiremint with woodlice in the test tube?

A

Yellow

35
Q

What are the results with the hydrogencarbonate expiremint with a leaf and 4 woodlice in the test tube?

A

Red

36
Q

What are the results with the hydrogencarbonate expiremint with nothing in the test tube (control)?

A

Red

37
Q

Where is the upper epidermis located?

A

The outer layer of tissue on a plant.

38
Q

What are the charectaristics and features of the upper epidermis?

A
  • Cells are packed tightly together to reduce water vapour from leaf.
  • They do not photosynthesize (no chloroplasts).
  • They secrete (make and release) a waxy substance which forms a thin transperent, waterproof covering called the cuticle.
39
Q

What does secrete mean?

A

To make and release.

40
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

A waxy substance which forms a thin transperant, waterproof covering.

41
Q

What are the charectaristics of the palisade mesophyll.

A
  • Tall narrow cells
  • Lots of chloroplats
  • main function = photosynthesis
  • Close to the top
  • Gets lots of sunlight, can get through the layer easily.
42
Q

What are the features and charectaristics of the spngy mesophyll?

A
  • Have some chloroplasts (not as much as palisade)
  • Air spaces between them
43
Q

What are the features and chaerctaristics of the lower epidermis?

A
  • Similar to upper epidermis
  • In some leaves, this tissue makes a cuticle but not usually
  • Contains stomata (openings in lowe epidermis), each one is surrounded by guard cells.
44
Q

Why do most lower epidermis’s not have a cuticle?

A

Because the underside of the leaf does not get much sunlight often, so it des not get very hot and therefor lose water.

45
Q

Why does the spongy mesophyyll have air spaces?

A

Spaces let vapour move from the surface of cells to the outside of leaf. It alos allows CO2 and O to diffuse between air spaces.

46
Q

What is the stomata and where is it located?

A

It is located in the lower epidermis of the leaf. it is a opening in the surface of the leaf that are surrounded by pairs of guard cellswhich control weather stomata are closed or opened.

47
Q

Why do stomatas open and close?

A

To allow the diffusion of CO2, O2 and water vapour in and out of the leaf.

48
Q

Explain how CO2 travels through the leaf.

A

CO2 diffuses through stomata from the atmosphere and than diffuses through the air spaces in the spngy mesophyll to get to the palisade mesophyll.

49
Q

Explain how water travels to chloroplats.

A

Water travels from roots to xylem vessels and travels to chloroplasts through osmosis.

50
Q

How does sunlight travel to chloroplasts?

A

Sunlight passes through transparent cuticle and upper epidermis to reach chloroplasts.

51
Q

Draw a diagram of an oppened and closed stomata with guard cells.

A
52
Q

What is the defenition of a limiting factor?

A

A factor that is in short supply, which stops an activity happening at a faster rate.

53
Q

What are limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Temperature
  • Stomata
54
Q

How is light intensity a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

The light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, until the point that the plant in photosynthesiszing at the fastest rate it can.

55
Q

How is CO2 a limmiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

The concentration of CO2 is a limmiting factor until a point because than, the plant is photosynthesizing at the fastest rate it can.

56
Q

Is the optimum temp. of an enzyme in a plant the same as the one for humans?

A

No, plant’s enzyme’s have different optimum temps. than those of mammals.

56
Q

How is temp. a limmiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

Because, a plant can photosynthesize faster on a warm day. This is because some of the reactions involveding photosynthesis are catalyzed by enzymes.

57
Q

What is the shape of the graph for the limiting factor of light on photosynthesis?

A
58
Q

What is the shape of the graph for the limiting factor of CO2 as a limmiting factor on photosynthesis?

A
59
Q

What is the shape of the graph for the limiting factor of temp. on photosynthesis?

A
60
Q

How does the waether affect the stomata?

A

Stomata often close if the waether is very hot and sunny, to prevent too much water being lost.

61
Q

How does the stomata being closed affect the rate of photosynthesis on a plant?

A

The CO2 diffiues into the leave through the stomata so, if stomata are closed, photosynthesis cannot continue because the leaf will be lacking raw materials.

62
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis on a VERY hot and sunny day?

A

Photosynthesis slows downbecause stomata close to prevent water loss and therefor CO2 cannot diffuse into the leaf through the stomata, so the leaf is lacking raw materials.

63
Q

What are arbitrary units?

A

Units which are sometimes used on a scale graph to rpresent quantitative differences. they are used instead of “real units” because they would be very complicated to use.

64
Q

What should you do when a test asks you to describe something?

A
  • Explain what is happening
  • Explain why that is happening
  • Use any key vocabulary possible